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Canine infectious respiratory disease is caused by a combination of both viral and bacterial agents. The range of morbidity and mortality can be attributed to several problems, including husbandry, but in ANY case, knowing the spectrum of infectious agents that are contributing to the disease is helpful in identifying problems, developing isolation procedures and ongoing therapy. Many laboratories offer tests for common agents of CIRD, though new bacterial and viral agents continue to be identified. Confirmation of specific causative agent(s), whether novel or typical, requires a combination of histology, microbiology, and (for the viral component) PCR or virus isolation. Histology (including PCR or immunohistochemistry) is also necessary to rule in/out viruses as contributory or causative in an outbreak of respiratory disease.

Gross findings: The gross lesions of CIRD typically reflect the aerogenous introduction of bacteria into the pulmonary tissues. The lungs are congested and consolidated, most consistently within the cranial and ventral portions of the cranial lobes. There can be pleural mottling that may involve multiple lobes. Depending upon whether a viral component is acute or chronic, the bronchopneumonia could be superimposed on a more diffuse pattern of lung involvement (interstitial pneumonia). The thoracic cavity should be examined for excessive pericardial and thoracic fluid production (normal is less than 5 ml in both cavities), +/− concurrent pericarditis and pleuritis.

Histological, microbiological (lung), and molecular diagnostic (lung) samples should be taken according to the general respiratory disease protocol above.