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The book Introduction into Experimental Medicine (1865) was his intellectual masterpiece [6]. Claude Bernard explains the principles of biomedical research, and much of its text is still relevant today. His remarks regarding pharmacotherapy can still serve as an introduction to today’s textbooks on “evidence-based medicine.” He wrote: “There are physicians who are fanatical about the effects of the drugs they prescribe. They do not accept critical comments which are based upon experiments. They say you can only prescribe drugs which you believe in, and they think that prescribing a drug to a patient you doubt about shows a lack of medical ethics. I don’t accept this way of thinking, it means deceiving oneself and deceiving others.” It is not astonishing that Claude Bernard had thus created vehement enemies among his clinical colleagues – no physician enjoys being called a deceiver!

Fig. 6. Original instruments used by Claude Bernard in the laboratory of his summer residence (Claude Bernard Museum, St. Julien; photo Dr. V. Jörgens).