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Claude Bernard was the first to describe the “milieu intérieur.” His publication Lessons of Phenomena of Life in Animals and Plants [7] was one of the most influential advancements in the history physiology, only comparable to breakthroughs such as that of the Noble Prize winner Otto Meyerhof’s Chemical Dynamics of Life Phenomena. Claude Bernard described for the first time the “milieu intérieur.” He wrote: “I think I was the first to express the idea that for animals there are in fact two environments, one milieu which is outside the body and an inner milieu, in which the components of living tissues are embedded. The real existence of the animal doesn’t take place in the external world but inside the liquid medium of circulating organic fluid. This fluid is the expression of all local nutrition and the source and mouth of elementary exchange” [7].

Fig. 7. Claude Bernard statue in the village of St. Julien en Beaujolais (photo Dr. V. Jörgens).