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One of the earliest of the physical and chemical properties of AF was reported from Japan in 1919.⁶² Campbell and co‐workers⁶³ studied the composition of AF and extraembryonic coelomic fluid (Figure 3.1) between 8 and 12 weeks of gestation. Sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate were higher in AF, whereas chloride, urea, protein, bilirubin, albumin, glucose, creatinine, calcium, and phosphate were present in higher concentrations in extraembryonic coelomic fluid. Those observations underline the significant difference in composition between the two embryonic fluids.

Figure 3.1 The coelomic and amniotic fluid spaces during the first trimester of gestation.