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The complexity of the proteome has its origin in the many levels of regulation, which include protein turnover, post‐translational modifications, subcellular localization, and protein–protein interactions. Initial efforts aimed at proteomic analysis of AF led to the identification of hundreds of proteins,^{80, 81} although this strategy has been of limited value in testing for risk of preterm birth,^82–84 fetal aneuploidy,⁸⁵ or Rh‐negative pregnancy.⁸⁶