Читать книгу Applied Water Science - Группа авторов - Страница 30

Most pharmaceuticals persist in the environment, thus improved removal methods are required to remove them from aquatic systems (Patel et al., 2019). The methods used for the removal of pharmaceuticals include biological, chemical, physical, and thermal methods. While physical methods include adsorption, electrodialysis, evaporation, filtration, flocculation, RO, and sedimentation, chemical methods encompass calcination, ion-exchange, precipitation, and reduction. Pyrolysis and incineration are thermal treatments. The most widely used biological techniques are activated sludge, anaerobic digestion, slow sand filters, and waste stabilization ponds (Chen et al., 2015). Whereas physical approaches transfer pharmaceutical compounds from the aqueous to the solid phase, biological and chemical methods chemically react the pharmaceuticals to generate new decomposition products, with the possibility of complete mineralization.