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Highly reactive free radicals such as HO•, HO₂•, and O₂•, generated from hydrogen peroxide or ozone in combination with a catalyst or UV or γ radiation, can be used to degrade pharmaceuticals in water (Wang et al., 2019). Advanced oxidation processes use oxidants such as O₃ separately, O₃ integrated with O₃/H₂O₂, UV/H₂O₂, Fe²⁺/H₂O₂, and Fenton degradation. The photon-initiated carbon-halogen bond breakage and superior HO• generation make these processes more effective than O₃ on its own (Patel et al., 2019). Consequently, high removals of a range of pharmaceutical compounds from aqueous solution have been achieved. In addition, UV or visible radiation can produce reactive excited states of the pharmaceutical compounds. The major limitation of advanced oxidation processes, however, is the formation of toxic byproducts which can persist in the treated water (Patel et al., 2019).