Читать книгу Developmental Psychopathology - Группа авторов - Страница 121
Parent behaviors and attachments
ОглавлениеMaladaptive parent behaviors, like child maltreatment, have been consistently associated with attachment insecurity—particularly attachment disorganization—with rates of insecure attachment as high as 90% among infants who are the victims of maltreatment (Cicchetti, Rogosch, & Toth, 2006). Moderate to heavy alcohol (O’Connor, Sigman, & Brill, 1987) and drug use (Melnick, Finger, Hans, Patrick, & Lyons‐Ruth, 2008) have been associated with high rates of infant insecure attachment as well. More generally, Main and Hesse (2006) suggested that “frightened or frightening” parental behaviors place a child at risk of disorganized attachment (Lyons‐Ruth & Jacobvitz, 2008). Main and Hesse (1990) posit that these behaviors emerge from a parent’s own traumatic experiences and create a conflict for the child about whether the parent is a source of distress or a solution to distress (Main & Hesse, 1990). Indeed, research suggests that a parent’s own attachment history is a relevant, albeit distal, risk factor for insecure attachment. Indeed, this is a model known as the “transmission model,” in which it is expected that parental attachment style affects parenting behaviors which, in turn, affect the child’s attachment style (van IJzendoorn, 1995).