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Parent behaviors and attachments

Оглавление

Maladaptive parent behaviors, like child maltreatment, have been consistently associated with attachment insecurity—particularly attachment disorganization—with rates of insecure attachment as high as 90% among infants who are the victims of maltreatment (Cicchetti, Rogosch, & Toth, 2006). Moderate to heavy alcohol (O’Connor, Sigman, & Brill, 1987) and drug use (Melnick, Finger, Hans, Patrick, & Lyons‐Ruth, 2008) have been associated with high rates of infant insecure attachment as well. More generally, Main and Hesse (2006) suggested that “frightened or frightening” parental behaviors place a child at risk of disorganized attachment (Lyons‐Ruth & Jacobvitz, 2008). Main and Hesse (1990) posit that these behaviors emerge from a parent’s own traumatic experiences and create a conflict for the child about whether the parent is a source of distress or a solution to distress (Main & Hesse, 1990). Indeed, research suggests that a parent’s own attachment history is a relevant, albeit distal, risk factor for insecure attachment. Indeed, this is a model known as the “transmission model,” in which it is expected that parental attachment style affects parenting behaviors which, in turn, affect the child’s attachment style (van IJzendoorn, 1995).

Developmental Psychopathology

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