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The ion exchange method involves the passage of water through a column containing ion exchange resin, and calcium ions are replaced by fluoride ions in resin. Once the saturation is obtained, the resin is backwashed with a chloride‐containing solution like sodium chloride, in which chloride replaces back the fluoride ions in resin so that it can be reused. The backwashing should be done with proper care.

Figure 2.4 Adsorption technique for fluoride removal using various adsorbents.