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There are several factors affecting the fluoride presence like granite, gneissic rocks, and volcanic as well as mountainous area sediments of marine origin. The above‐mentioned rocks are rich in fluoride and are often found beneath the Earth's surface, ultimately leading to groundwater contamination. Alarming high fluoride ion concentrations together with various other toxic and infectious substances present in the groundwater of South and Southeastern Asia are of utmost concern (Ghosh et al. 2013).

Figure 2.1 Sources of fluoride contamination in the environment.

Table 2.1 Fluoride levels reported in different regions.

Country	Location	Fluoride concentration (mg/L)	References
India	Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh	0.38–4.0	Sreedevi et al. (2006)
	Ranga Reddy, Andhra Pradesh	0.4–4.8	Sujatha (2003)
	Karbi Anglong, Assam	0.4–20.6	Chakraborti et al. (2000)
	Bihar Shallow	0.1–2.5	Ray et al. (2000)
	Delhi	0.2–32.5	Raju et al. (2009)
	Gujarat	0.1–40	Raju et al. (2009)
	Palghat, Kerala	0.2–5.75	Shaji et al. (2007)
	Chandidongri, Madhya Pradesh	1.5–4.0	Chatterjee and Mohabey (1998)
	Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh	0.2–6.4	Ayoob and Gupta (2006)
	Orissa	0.1–10.1	Kundu et al. (2001)
	Churu/Dungarpur, Rajasthan	0.1–14	Muralidharan et al. (2002); Choubisa (2001)
	Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu	1–3.24	Dar et al. (2011)
	Tamil Nadu	0.5–4.0	Raju et al. (2009)
	Cambay, North Gujarat	0–10	Gupta et al. (2005)
	Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh	0.2–2.1	Raju et al. (2009)
	Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh	0.48–6.7	Raju et al. (2009)
	Mathura, Uttar Pradesh	0.6–2.5	Misra et al. (2006)
Canada	Gaspe, Quebec	0.05–10.9	Boyle and Chagnon (1995)
Ghana	Nathenje and Lilongwe	0.5–7.02	Msonda et al. (2007)
Pakistan	Nagar Parkar	1.13–7.85	Naseem et al. (2010)
Sri Lanka	Dry Zone	0.02–5.30	Chandrajith et al. (2011)
Iran	Posht‐e‐Kooh‐e‐Dashtestan	0.7–6.6	Battaleb‐Looie and Moore (2010)
China	Taiyuan Basin	0.4–2.4	Li et al. (2011)
Germany	Muenster Region	0.01–8.8	Queste et al. (2001)
Mexico	Hermosillo city, Sonara	0–7.59	Valenzuela‐Vasquez et al. (2006)