Читать книгу Groundwater Geochemistry - Группа авторов - Страница 35

It has been observed that acute oral doses of selenite and other selenium compounds cause symptoms such as nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, chills, tremor, numbness in limbs, irregular menstrual bleeding, and marked hair loss. The higher level of selenium in humans leads to hair loss and nail drop, whereas in plants, it causes snow‐white chlorosis which appears on juvenile leaves and sheaths. Some of these leaves changed to light pink or developed purple‐white tips having green mid‐veins (Aulakh et al. 2009). In northwestern India, its toxicity caused snow‐white chlorosis in wheat and sugar cane while chronic selenosis in faunas and humans (CGWB 2014).

It accumulates in the tissues of organisms and shows the biomagnification at a higher trophic level. Se accumulates in the animals when they ingest large quantities of plants that are uptaking higher concentrations of selenium. In many areas, Se concentration is found to be very high in aquatic organisms because of irrigation runoff. Selenium could cause reproductive failure and birth imperfections at an elevated concentration in animals. The most reliable clinical appearance indicated by animals is losing body state and hair loss, necrosis of the tip of the tail, reluctance to move, stiff gate, and overgrowth of hoof followed by progress of cracks and irregularities in horn development. Food or water are common exposure pathways of selenium in human beings. Typical symptoms of selenium toxicity in humans are hair and finger‐ and toenail loss, continuous worsening of health, queasiness, headache, tooth deterioration, tint of teeth, and nails with fragility and longitudinal strips (CGWB 2014).

Table 1.1 Geogenic contaminants in different parts of the country (India).

Study area	As	F	SO4	Na	Cl	Se	Cr	Mn	Fe	References
Cuttack City, Odisha, India									0.03–1.5 ppm	Achary (2014a)
Bhuvaneshwar City, Odisha, India									0.32–7.7 ppm	Achary (2014a)
Gangetic Plain, Jharkhand, India	1–133 ppb in premonsoon, 2–98 ppb in monsoon and 7–115 ppb in postmonsoon									Alam et al. (2016)
Punjab, India	4–688 ppb	0–10.09 ppm				0.2–69.5 ppb				Aulakh et al. (2009)
Tripura, India	0.025 ppm		58.53 ppm					2.68 ppm	14.67 ppm	Banerjee et al. (2011)
Golaghat District, Assam, India	0.074–0.128 ppm							0.02–2.5 ppm	3.5–5.9 ppm	Chetia et al. (2011)
Kanpur, India	Not detected						0.02–0.04 ppm			Dotaniya et al. (2017)
Northeast Rajasthan, India	0.62–1.60 ppb						2.04–3.48 ppm	0.004–0.072 ppm	0.045–0.151 ppm	Duggal et al. (2017)
Uranium Mining Site, Jharkhand, India								0.01–1.3 ppm	0.06–5.3 ppm	Giri et al. (2010)
Northern Maharashtra, India								0.026–0.361 ppm	0–0.096 ppm	Golekar et al. (2013)
Jhajjar district, Haryana, India		1.1 ppm			214.2 ppm					Gupta and Misra (2018)
Sehore District, Madhya Pradesh, India							0–27 ppb	0–121 ppb	0–3330 ppb	Jinwal et al. (2009)
Himanchal Pradesh, India	2.25–117.5 ppb						1–322.58 ppm	0.02–0.041 ppm	0.12–0.60 ppm	Kashyap et al. (2018)
Medak District, Andhra Pradesh, India	2.9–1257 ppb						2.2–74.7 ppb	2.9–14 971 ppb	38.8–576	Krishna et al. (2009)
Upper Gangetic basin, India	1–36 ppb							0.0011–0.415 ppm		Kumar et al. (2019)
Ghaziabad, India	0.04–0.54 mg/L			9.20–3887 ppm			4.51–7.09 ppm	0.0–0.350 ppm	BDL (below detection limit)	Kumari et al. (2014)
Bist‐Doab region of Punjab, northwest India,						10–40 ppb				Lapworth et al. (2017)
East Bokaro Coalfield, Jharkhand, India	0.01–4.0 ppb						2.5–25.6 ppb	11.0–397.1 ppb	194–1685 ppb	Mahato et al. (2016)
Krishnagiri district Tamilnadu, India		0.5–5.45 ppm	10.76 ppm	31.4–220.6 ppm	49.59–292.7 ppm					Manikandan et al. (2014)
West Bengal, India	0.2–1219 ppb			2.9–64.6 mg/L		0.2–7 ppb	0.1–1.6 ppb	25.1–1538 ppb	0.06–18.5 ppm	Rahman et al. (2015)
Hakinaka Taluk, India	BDL						0.01–0.05 ppm		0–0.175 ppm	Rajappa et al. (2010)
Sonbhadra District, Uttar Pradesh, India		0.4–5.6 ppm in the pre‐monsoon, 0.1–6.7 ppm in the post‐monsoon	10–190 ppm in premonsoon, 25–195 ppm in postmonsoon	55.2 ppm in pre and 62.9 ppm in postmonsoon						Raju et al. (2012)
Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh, India		0.3–11 ppm								Raju (2017)
Telangana State, India		0.99	51.53 ppm	117.87 ppm	119.27 ppm					Rao et al. (2018)
Andhra Pradesh, India	0.011 and 0.081 ppm					0.008–0.084 ppm	0.010–0.091 ppm			Reddy et al. (2012)
North district of Delhi, India	0.0003–0.1 ppm	0.05–7.14 ppm	25–1202 ppm	20–2000 ppm	11–4433 ppm					Sarkar and Shekhar (2013)
Vaishali and Bhagalpur District, Bihar, India	20 ppb in Vaishali and 143 ppb in Bhagalpur									Singh et al. (2014)
Bhalswa landfill, Delhi, India								0.01–1.90 ppm	0.64–6.34 ppm	Srivastava and Ramanathan (2008)
Ballia and Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh, India	43.75–620.75 ppb									Srivastava and Sharma (2013)
Ranchi city, Jharkhand, India	0.0–200 ppb	0–2.19 ppm	0–268 ppm	18.2–303 ppm	2–200 ppm	0–140 ppb		0.0–4200 ppb		Tirkey et al. (2017)
Parichha, Jhansi, India							0.036–0.061 ppm	0.013–0.178 ppm	0.186–11.98 ppm	Verma et al. (2016)
Puri city, Odisha, India		0.01–2.04 ppm	7–320 ppm		3–11 222 ppm				0.04–3.5 ppm	Vijay et al. (2011)
Kadava River basin, Nashik, India							34–3516 ppb	0.013–0.142 ppm	0.092–3.558 ppm	Wagh et al. (2018)