Читать книгу Groundwater Geochemistry - Группа авторов - Страница 59

The membrane process is one of the ex‐situ techniques also known as reverse osmosis and electrodialysis. This method requires financial input as it uses a semipermeable membrane to remove dissolved solutes from water (Brindha and Elango 2011). This process is utilized as advanced water treatment technology mainly in the treatment of pure and ultrapure water.

The research of Somnath Rudra (2012) pointed out some important holistic alternatives to mitigate the problem of fluorosis:

 Utilization of fluoride removal filters for treatment of excess fluoride at home.

 River and stream water based piped water supply.

 Harvesting rainwater.

 Utilizing traditional sources of water (bunds/ponds) after treatment.Figure 2.5 Coagulation and precipitation method.

 Substantial water quality monitoring program.

 Diagnosis and remediation of fluorosis

 Providing nutritional supplement of calcium and other vitamins (like C, E, and D)

 Addition of calcium‐, vitamin C‐, and vitamin D‐rich food to diet and avoid chewing supari, gutka, etc.

 Awareness, motivation and training of the community.