Читать книгу Biodiesel Technology and Applications - Группа авторов - Страница 19

Solid heterogeneous catalysts include acid heterogenous catalysts and base heterogenous catalysts. Solid acid heterogenous catalysts include heteropolyacid catalysts (HPAs), mineral salts, acids, and cationic exchange resins. Among these, titanium oxide, sulfonic ion exchange resin, tin oxide, sulfonated carbon-based catalysts, zirconium oxide, zeolites, and sulfonic modified mesostructured silica are the main acid heterogeneous catalysts. Solid base heterogeneous catalysts have been categorized as mixed metal oxides, supported alkaline earth metals, single metal oxides, and nano-oxides. Among these, the most studied are magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, and strontium oxide [44, 45].