Читать книгу Biodiesel Technology and Applications - Группа авторов - Страница 3

1 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Transesterification of triglycerides for the production of biodiesel.Figure 2.2 Approximate frequency ranges of sound with rough guide of some source...Figure 2.3 Different options of ultrasound application for biodiesel production.Figure 2.4 Principle of ultrasound-induced acoustic cavitation bubbles.

2 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 The different catalytic methods for the biodiesel production.Scheme 3.1 Soap formation in the presence of free fatty acids with the base cata...Scheme 3.2 General esterification reaction mechanism in the presence of an acid ...Scheme 3.3 Acid-catalyzed transesterification of TG (i) Protonation of carbonyl ...Scheme 3.4 Alkali catalyzed transesterification of TG (i) formation alkoxide ion...Figure 3.2 The block diagram for base-catalyzed biodiesel production.Scheme 3.5 Soap formation in the presence of water and base catalyst.Figure 3.3 The flow diagram of synthesis of SZ from zirconium oxychloride octahy...Figure 3.4 Synthesis of (a) ZrO₂-TiO₂ nanorods, (b) ZrO₂ – TiO₂@SO₄^2– nanorods, ...Figure 3.5 Synthesis of sulfonated acid catalyst from the biomass (DOWC) using c...Scheme 3.6 Alkaline earth metal oxides catalyzed transesterification of TG.Figure 3.6 Calcination and rehydration of Mg-Al hydrotalcite for the biodiesel p...Figure 3.7 Functionalization of MCM-41 surface with guanidine derivative (1,5,7-...Figure 3.8 Different methods for immobilization of enzymes. (Adapted from Ref. [...Figure 3.9 Encapsulation of ultrasound treated lipase within metal-organic frame...Figure 3.10 Lipase from Candida rugosa immobilization onto micro-porous biosilic...Figure 3.11 L62 lipase immobilization using adsorption/entrapment and adsorption...

3 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Biodiesel production through transesterification process [4].Figure 4.2 Catalytic processes for the conversion of glycerol into useful value-...Figure 4.3 Successive stages in the hydrogenolysis of glycerol [49].Figure 4.4 Effect of temperature on glycerol conversion and selectivity of 1,2-P...Figure 4.5 Effect of varying temperature on conversion, yield, and selectivity o...Figure 4.6 The scheme for glycerol hydrogenolysis reaction mechanism [78].Figure 4.7 Conversion of glycerol to 1,2-PDO, reaction mechanism [57].

4 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Methods of transesterification [18–21].

5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Four level flow chat for the production of fuel energy from biomass.Figure 6.2 Primary energy regional consumption by fuel 2018 in Percentage. BP St...

6 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Online two-way catalytic pyrolysis reaction process for conversion of...Figure 7.2 W/O/W and O/W/O emulsion P. A. Winsor I-II and IV type emulsion [37].Figure 7.3 Biodiesel production methods.Figure 7.4 Continuous microwave reactor [38].

7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Cost breakup for biodiesel production [7, 21–23].Figure 8.2 Various types of feedstock for biodiesel production.Figure 8.3 General transesterification reaction.Figure 8.4 General mechanism of the transesterification reaction.Figure 8.5 Mechanism of the esterification reaction.Figure 8.6 Microwave reactor.Figure 8.7 Probe type ultra sonicator.

8 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Pyrolysis of vegetable oils into alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics [4].Figure 9.2 Comparison between conventional and in situ transesterification.Figure 9.3 Conventional transesterification process experimental setup.Figure 9.4 Classification of transesterification process.Figure 9.5 Supercritical transesterification process.Figure 9.6 Supercritical transesterification experimental setup.Figure 9.7 (a) Microwave assisted transesterification. (b) Ultrasonic assisted t...

9 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Biofuels production sources adapted from [13].Figure 10.2 Transesterification reaction for biodiesel production [24].Figure 10.3 Flow chart of biodiesel production process through transesterificati...Figure 10.4 Biodiesel production from edible and non-edible feedstocks.

10 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Process flow of methyl ester production from animal fat.Figure 11.2 Production of biodiesel by transesterification reaction. Step1. Pre-...Figure 11.3 Process of extraction of vegetable oil (e.g., sunflower seed oil ext...

11 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Schematic diagram of batch reactor apparatus [16].Figure 12.2 Schematic diagram of continuous stiired tank reactor.Figure 12.3 Schematic diagram of fixed bed reactor [16].Figure 12.4 Schematic view of bubble column reactor for biodiesel production [36...Figure 12.5 The general configuration of reactive distillation [45].Figure 12.6 A schematic diagram of hybrid catalytic plasma reactor system in the...Figure 12.7 Schematic diagram of a microchannel microreactor [55].Figure 12.8 Schematic diagram of a membrane reactor for biodiesel production [9]...Figure 12.9 Schematic diagram of microtubemicroreactor [55].

12 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 General reaction for esterification.Figure 13.2 General reaction for transesterification.Figure 13.3 General reaction for pyrolysis.Figure 13.4 Schematic diagram of a single reactor CTRS. Reproduced with permissi...

13 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Scheme of reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

14 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Transesterification reaction showing reaction of methanol and trigly...Figure 15.2 Chemical structure of riconelic acid, major component of castor oil ...Figure 15.3 Microalgal biodiesel refinery producing multiple products from algal...

15 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Primary feedstocks used to produce biodiesel [37]. Other oils includ...Figure 17.2 (a) Impact of catalyst type on esters yield for four different alkal...

16 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Characteristics and type of nanoparticles catalysts.Figure 18.2 General reaction for possible mechanism of esterification and transe...Figure 18.3 Schematic image of diffusion of reactants in pores in SO₃H-Fe/Fe₂O_3-...Figure 18.4 Preparation of sulfonic acid functionalized MNPs and sulfamic acid f...