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^* René Descartes, Principles of Philosophy [Principia Philosophiae, 1644], Part I, articles 51, 52, 54, 63; Part II, articles 1, 2, 3, 4, 21, 22, 23, 36, 64. Trans. J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff and D. Murdoch, in The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vol. I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 210–11, 215, 223–5, 232, 240, 247.

1 1 Thomas Aquinas, Sententia super Metaphysicam [1269–72], IV, 1, 540–3.

2 2 Cartesian: belonging to Descartes (from ‘Cartesius’, the Latin version of his name).

3 3 Concurrence: the continuous conserving power of God necessary to keep things in existence.

4 4 Compare the doubts raised in the First Meditation: see above, Part I, extract 4.

5 5 For more on Descartes’s view of the human being as combination of incorporeal mind and extended body, see below, Part IV, section 4.

6 6 Descartes here rejects the traditional doctrine of a radical difference between ‘sublunary’ or terrestrial phenomena and the incorruptible world of the heavens.