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^* Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, New System of Nature and the Communication of Substances [Système nouveau de la nature et de la communication des substances, 1695]. Trans. G. H. R. Parkinson and M. Morris, in Leibniz, Philosophical Writings (London: Dent, 1973), pp. 115–25; with omissions.

1 1 Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Bk II, ch. xxiii, § 2.

2 2 Advocates of the traditional philosophy, based on Aristotle.

3 3 Leibniz refers to Descartes and his followers.

4 4 See Part IV, extract 4, below.

5 5 Nicolas Malebranche. See Part IV, extract 6, below.

6 6 The ‘deus ex machina’ was the god often lowered onto the stage at the end of Greek tragedies to sort out all the outstanding problems in the drama.