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^* John Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding [1690], Bk II, ch. 8, §§ 7–22 inclusive; punctuation, spelling and layout adapted. Several editions are available; the standard critical edition by P. H. Nidditch (Oxford: Clarendon, 1975) preserves the original formatting (pp. 134–43).

1 1 Descartes, Principles of Philosophy [1644], Part IV, article 198.

2 2 Though the date on the title page of the first edition is 1690.

3 3 ‘Animal spirits’: a fine gas or vapour supposed to be the vehicle for the transmission of nerve-impulses.

4 4 Plant extract used in the seventeenth century as a laxative.