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^* Aristotle, Categories [Kategoriai, c.330 BC], ch. 5 (2a11–4b19). Trans. J. L. Ackrill (Oxford: Clarendon, 1963), pp. 5–12.

1 1 ‘In a subject’: in the sentence ‘Socrates is bald’, the attribute of baldness is in the subject (Socrates). ‘Said of a subject’: in the sentence ‘Socrates is a man’, what is said of Socrates is the species to which he belongs. Aristotle is about to argue that the individual subject (e.g. Socrates) is the basic or primary substance. Species and genus (e.g. man, animal) are substances only in a secondary sense, since they would not exist at all if individuals did not exist.