Читать книгу Magnetic Nanoparticles in Human Health and Medicine - Группа авторов - Страница 22

Magnetic NPs established various biomedical and therapeutic applications. Magnetic NPs coated with natural polymers (such as carbohydrates and proteins) are common. Moreover, many natural polymers are biocompatible and are therefore suitable for coating NPs for biomedical applications such as cancer treatment (White et al. 2006; Arruebo et al. 2007). The important reason is the low payload capacity of existing MNPs because payload (i.e. drugs) can only be attached on the surface or encapsulated in the double‐layer coating around MNPs. An innovative platform of engineered Fe₃O₄ porous hollow NPs (HMNPs) was strategic for the controlled release of cisplatin. Cisplatin was embedded in the interior cavities and the targeting agent. Herceptin was attached to the surface of magnetic NPs. These NPs could then well target and deliver cisplatin to ErbB2‐/Neu‐positive breast cancer cells (SK‐BR‐3). Several times the therapeutic agents are packed in the magnetic NP that are then released to destroy the tumor cell effectively (Niemirowicz et al. 2012).

In genetic disease diagnosis, the identification of mutated forms of genes becomes important as a prognostic marker for other pathologies, especially cancer. Jangpatarapongsa et al. (2011) revealed a novel tool for the detection of BCR/ABL fusion gene in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). It was a magneto‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐enzyme linked gene technique. The amine‐functionalized primers were covalently attached to the surface of carboxyl‐functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. This modification allowed a convenient separation of PCR products with high sensitivity (0.5 pg ml⁻¹) and high specificity using material obtained from K562 cell line and CML patients. This technique is practical, useful and may provide an alternative method both for monitoring of CML patients treatment and preventive purposes.

Electrolyte iron is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for anemia. Magnetic NPs known for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia are ferumoxytol, which is used in both Europe and the USA for adult patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This drug is administered intravenously prepared by coating carbohydrate shells onto superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs. In phase III clinical trials, ferumoxytol was more effective than oral iron in patients with CKD, with minimal mild or moderate adverse effects (Hilty et al. 2010).

Magnetic NPs have important advantages such as enhancing the signal obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, promoting the accumulation and deposition of biotherapeutic compounds such as genes and peptides in rewarding microniches, and mediating the destruction of cancer cells and biofilms through the production of a local thermo‐ablative effect. Additionally, Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles (SPNs) have been used to mediate the delivery of therapeutic proteins promoting their deposition at specific target sites (Veiseh et al. 2009; Kim et al. 2010; Niemirowicz et al. 2015).