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Magnetic NPs have many novel applications in biology and medicine, including protein purification, drug delivery, and medical imaging. Magnetic NPs exhibit several features synergistically and deliver more than one function simultaneously. It exhibits highly selective binding. Because of the prospective benefits of multimodal functionality in biomedical applications, many researchers like to design and fabricate multifunctional magnetic NPs. There are two main strategies to formulate magnetic nanoparticle‐based multifunctional nanostructures. The first is molecular functionalization that involves attaching antibodies, proteins, and dyes to the magnetic NPs, and other method is magnetic NPs integrated with other functional nanocomponents, e.g. quantum dots (QDs) or metallic nanoparticles. Magnetic NPs combine with other nanocomponents to form a hybrid nanostructure that exhibits paramagnetism alongside features such as fluorescence or enhanced optical contrast. These structures could provide a platform for enhanced medical imaging and controlled drug delivery. The combination of unique structural characteristics and integrated functions of multicomponent magnetic NPs will lead to novel opportunities in nanomedicine (Gao et al. 2014).

Magnetic separations of DNA play a significant role in molecular biology. Shan et al. (2010) demonstrated a novel method of pDNA isolation from Escherichia coli culture. They suggested the bioseparation of pDNA using the multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Carboxyl‐modified superparamagnetic nanoparticles play a vital role as multifunctional bioadsorbent. They used these nanoparticles, both for cell capture and the consequent removal of genomic DNA/protein complex after lysis. This was attained by taking advantage of properties of nanoparticles such as bioaffinity and magnetic guidance by strong magnetic field. Moreover, the yield and purity of pDNA extracted by magnetic NPs are comparable to those attained using organic solvents or commercial kits. Moreover, the utilization of multifunctional magnetic NPs proved to be a time and cost‐effective pDNA preparation technique, independent on centrifugation and hazardous organic solvents (Niemirowicz et al. 2012).

Theranostic nanomedicine creates “nanoparticle‐based drugs” all together capable of the diagnosis and treatment of a disease. The goal of theranostic nanomedicine is to improve the detection and to increase the efficacy of the treatment of cancers. Also, to limit the systemic toxicity associated with this treatment. Therefore, it is important that the therapeutic agents reach and can be concentrated on the target sites. The most important advantage of theranostic nanomedicine in the treatment of cancer is the potential for a rapid review of the outcome of treatment in an individual patient, in order to plan the next therapy or to decide to repeat the same therapeutic session (for personalized medicine). The usage of magnetic NPs in conjunction with MRI imaging may advance the concept of personalized nanomedical theranostic treatment in cancer for an individual patient (Ahmed et al. 2012). MRI scanners are currently readily available in hospitals, and this seems to be the most appropriate technique for monitoring the effects of cancer nanomedicine therapies (Liu and Zhang 2012). Li et al. (2015) developed a multifunctional theranostic nanoplatforms for tumor imaging and therapy based on the star‐shaped Fe₃O₄@Au core/shell nanoparticles, which presented an excellent effect in MRI, CT, thermal imaging, and photothermal therapy. The nanostar showed better biocompatibility, stability, and targeting for cancer cells. The representation of the applications of the core and shell of magnetic NPs are shown in Figure 1.22.

Figure 1.22 A representation of the application of core and shell of magnetic NPs.