Читать книгу Nanotechnology in Plant Growth Promotion and Protection - Группа авторов - Страница 36

Plants can be exposed to TiO₂NPs both intentionally and unintentionally. Usually, there are three major pathways through which different plants can be exposed to TiO₂NPs which include (1) foliar exposure, (2) root exposure, and (3) exposure to TiO₂NPs after application on seeds (Figure 2.1). These pathways significantly affect the interaction of TiO₂NPs with plants and their possible toxic or beneficial effects that these particles have on plants.