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 The incidence, prevalence, case fatality rate, and mortality rate vary with each specific toxicant, dose, animal factors such as age, nutritional status, or concurrent disease, or exposure to other toxicants.

 If information is available, determine how and when the animal was exposed to the toxicant.

 Clinical signs vary with the different toxicants. Not all potential signs are seen in each affected animal. Signs can vary with disease progression. The current clinical observation is just a snapshot of the toxicosis.

 There is limited availability of FDA‐approved drugs to treat animals. The majority are used in an extra‐label or unapproved manner.

 Currently, only seven FDA‐approved “antidotes” are used to treat animal toxicoses. Of these, only two are used in horses (pralidoxime hydrochloride and tolazoline hydrochloride).

 Some antivenoms and antitoxins are approved by the USDA for equine use.