Читать книгу Manual of Equine Anesthesia and Analgesia - Группа авторов - Страница 140

 The occurrence of the murmur in the cardiac cycle is identified as systolic, diastolic or continuous.

 Many clinicians assess systole as the short portion of the cardiac cycle when the horse is at rest and diastole as the longer duration.Caution should be used because the systolic and diastolic periods may be equal in length or the diastole period shorter with excitement, exercise or disease.

 Systole is readily identified if a cardiac impulse is palpated while auscultating the heart (common in foals or horses in thin body condition). If the cardiac impulse cannot be felt, simultaneous palpation of a peripheral pulse while auscultating the heart should be performed.An example of this is palpation of the transverse facial artery while listening to the heart. This may be difficult in larger framed horses whereby palpation of the radial artery at the medial aspect of the carpus while listening to the heart may be done.

 Systolic murmurs should be further defined as to when the murmur occurs, i.e. throughout, early, middle or late.Holosystolic murmurs occur throughout systole and S1 and S2 are distinct from the murmur.Pansystolic murmurs overlie one or both S1 and S2.