Читать книгу Climate Impacts on Sustainable Natural Resource Management - Группа авторов - Страница 22

Figure 1.1 shows the annual GHG emissions in East Kalimantan between 2000 and 2016. The figure shows that a growing increase in GHG emissions occurred every year. Moreover, during the study period, the increase reached 31 Mt CO₂ with an increment rate of 2.1 Mt CO₂ yr^–1. Although the annual GHG emissions showed an increasing trend every year, the increment rate before REDD+ commitment (2000–2010) was larger (2.3 Mt CO₂ yr^–1) than the increment rate after the commitment (1.5 Mt CO₂yr^–1). So this result was able to illustrate the implication of the REDD+ strategies in East Kalimantan in reducing GHG emissions.

Figure 1.2 shows size of the contribution of land cover change to GHG emission in the study area. According to the figure, deforestation (i.e. the changes of forest cover to non‐forest cover) and forest degradation (the changes of dense forest to less dense forest) gave a significant contribution to GHG emission in East Kalimantan. The deforestation caused the annual GHG emission increase of 25 Mt CO₂ by 2016 with an increment rate of 1.7 Mt CO₂yr^–1 and it contributed about 80% of GHG emission in the study area, respectively. Forest degradation affected the annual GHG emission increase of 6 Mt CO₂ from 2000 to 2016, with an increment rate of 0.3 Mt CO₂yr^–1 and it contributed about 20% of GHG emission. Moreover, the changes within non‐forest cover only contributed to the annual GHG emission increase of 0.7 Mt CO₂ from 2000 to 2016, with an increment rate of 0.05 Mt CO₂yr^–1.

Table 1.2 shows the 10 largest emitters of GHG of land cover change over the 17 years. As shown in Table 1.2, most of the top 10 largest emitters were classified as the deforestation process. The changes of secondary dryland forest to dry shrubland, estate cropland, and plantation forest were the three largest GHG emitters in East Kalimantan (Table 1.2), represented by 48.63%, 12.68%, and 10.04% of the total GHG emissions from 2000 to 2016, respectively. Furthermore, the conversion of secondary mangrove forest into wet shrubland and fish pond/aquaculture contributed 2.48% and 1.85% of total GHG emissions, respectively. Meanwhile, the change of secondary swamp forest into wet shrubland caused 1.66% of total GHG emissions. Moreover, the largest forest degradation occurred in the study area, and was represented by the degradation of primary dryland forest into secondary dryland forest, which contributed 5.43% of total GHG emissions, respectively.

Figure 1.1 Annual GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ yr^–1) from 2000 to 2016.

Figure 1.2 Percentage of GHG emissions from the land‐based sector (2000–2016).

Table 1.2 Ten largest GHG emitters from land‐based sector from 2000 to 2016.

Land cover changes	Total area (ha)	Percentage of emission (%)
From	To
Secondary dryland forest	Dry Shrub land	471,625.19	48.63
Secondary dryland forest	Estate Cropland	178,297.07	12.68
Secondary dryland forest	Plantation forest	142,460.67	10.04
Primary dryland forest	Secondary dryland forest	317,020.70	5.43
Secondary dryland forest	Bare ground	46,444.85	5.25
Secondary dryland forest	Mixed dry agriculture	31,092.77	3.31
Secondary dryland forest	Mining areas	28,919.68	3.27
Secondary mangrove forest	Wet shrubland	35,461.77	2.48
Secondary mangrove forest	Fish pond/aquaculture	23,129.13	1.85
Secondary swamp forest	Wet shrubland	17,834.51	1.66