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How to differentiate primary from secondary system involvement?

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There are often clues from the history and/or clinical examination that help you define and refine the body system involved. Or you may not be able to answer this question until further diagnostic tests are performed. But just asking the question ensures that you remember that body systems can malfunction due to direct pathology of that system, for example, inflammation, neoplasia, degeneration, infection or due to functional problems where factors not directly related to the body system can impact on its function.

Clinical Reasoning in Veterinary Practice

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