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Another essential element is to think pathophysiologically. Understanding physiology and pathophysiology is essential to understand medicine.

For example, an animal has profound hypokalaemia. Rather than trying to remember all of the diseases that may cause hypokalaemia, review how the body might lose potassium or fail to acquire it or even ‘use it up’. By getting into the habit of thinking in this manner, you can potentially diagnose disorders you may never have heard of (or that may never have been described before!). It will also stimulate you to seek more knowledge about the pathophysiology of disease processes, which will lead to a greater understanding of internal medicine and ultimately to a better retention of knowledge.