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 The diagnostic methods used to define the problem, the system, where appropriate the anatomical location and the lesion will vary depending on the problem.For example, clinical pathology may be needed in some cases to define the problem (e.g. is red urine due to blood or haemoglobin?), but in many cases, the problem will be definable on the basis of history (onset and course of the disease) and clinical examination findings.

 Similarly, diagnostic tests or procedures may be required to define and refine the body system involved in some cases, and for other problems, the system involved will be evident from clues from the history and/or the clinical examination.

 In some cases, once the problem is defined, for example, regurgitation, the body system is immediately apparent and the anatomical location identified (upper GI tract – oesophagus or pharynx).

 For neurological problems, clinical and neurological examination will often define the problem, system and location, leaving only the lesion needing to be defined by diagnostic testing.