Читать книгу Counseling and Psychotherapy - Группа авторов - Страница 127

In the 20th century, psychoanalysis expanded to include a new class of drives in addition to those mentioned earlier: life instincts and death instincts. Life instincts are those that deal with basic survival, pleasure, and reproduction; behaviors commonly associated with the life instinct include love, cooperation, and other prosocial actions. These instincts are important for sustaining the life of the individual as well as continuing the species. These are often called sexual instincts because the energy created by the life instincts is the psychosexual energy conceptualized as libido, but they also include such constructs as thirst, hunger, and pain avoidance. Conversely, death instincts emerge as self-destructive behavior, self-harm, and self-sabotage. Death instincts are often expressed as aggression or violence and are tempered by the life instincts (Georgescu, 2011).