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The term “service” is an ambiguous notion that may have very different meanings depending on the context. In business and economics, a service is an intangible activity offered by a provider to its consumers and creates value for them [29]. A service may just be a software with a defined interface available over the Internet.

Typically, enterprise systems utilize computing technologies and intelligence of smart objects over the Internet to propagate information and services [26]. Similar to IoT, the concept of Internet of Service is applied to services rather than physical (virtual) elements and creates information networks among users and service providers. IoS considers all basic business components (e.g., business objectives, processes, services) and technical basics such as capabilities of smart items in processing, sensing, and communication to support a service-oriented ecosystem and business applications modeling. Given that changes in the industrial environment such as connectivity disruption and reconfiguration of processes need reorganization of employed entities, new and optimized business processes in IoS help to flexibly model a self-organized service environment that adopts the model during deployment and according to specified policies. IoS is the innovative service model of information and is considered an important pillar of Industry 4.0. For instance, in the context of smart factories and future manufacturing, IoS uses the Internet and its software to produce services as customized products for individual users and based on the system’s ability.