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The Fourth Industrial Revolution, also known as Industry 4.0 or I4.0, refers to the recent accelerated uptake of a portfolio of technologies that enable a high degree of automation, integration, transparency, decentralization, and at the same time interconnectedness in the industrial sector, as well as other sectors such as health, education, and agriculture, enabling optimal and evidence-based decision-making. The emergence of Industry 4.0 is the result of dramatic advances and convergence in multiple disciplines. These include a sharp increase in the capabilities for artificial intelligence, wireless communication (e.g., Internet of things), cloud-based computations, smart transactions (blockchains), and robotics. Such capabilities have manifested themselves in the form of novel paradigms such as smart manufacturing, the Internet of things, predictive maintenance, and additive manufacturing.

The present contribution reports the collective endeavors of a multidisciplinary group of researchers to explore the emerging trends inspired by the aforementioned evolutions, especially with the focus on the flow of energy and materials in supply chains. The book has two main parts. In the first part, the key drivers of Industry 4.0, namely, artificial intelligence, wireless communication, blockchains and smart contracts, cloud computing, and robotics, are discussed. The second part explores the application of such advancements in the fields of energy networks, additive manufacturing, pharmaceutical industry, water distribution, renewable power generation, petroleum and gas industries, as discussed in the following.

Chapter 1 explores recent advancements in sensor and communication technologies and their contribution to the realization and commercial viability of industrial/Internet of things (I/IoTs), smart manufacturing, and other Industry 4.0 paradigms. It also discusses the applications of communication technologies in Industry 4.0 and the required criteria. Other features of interest include the relevant standards and protocols, cellular and mobile technologies, the design of wireless systems for IIoT applications and relevant protocols, and smart sensors and their enabling role in Industry 4.0. The chapter concludes with predicting future trends in wireless communication for Industry 4.0.

Chapter 2 explores the concepts and methods that have enabled distributed and smart transaction systems such as blockchains. The features of interest include the blockchain taxonomy, desirable attributes, architecture, and most importantly the emerging applications in different sectors.

Chapter 3 is concerned with the application of robotics in Industry 4.0. First, a comprehensive survey of various classes of robots is presented. The classification is presented with respect to robots’ geometry, actuator and control strategies, and kinematics, as well as more advanced features such as the number of agents and fabrication materials. Then the applications of various robotic systems are presented in different areas.

Chapter 4 focuses on the utilization of cloud computing in Industry 4.0. The main characteristics of cloud computing, as well as developed architectures and types of services, the model of cloud deployment, and the corresponding pros and cons are extensively discussed in this chapter. The last part of this chapter explores emerging paradigms such as edge computing and fog computing and elucidate their differences compared with traditional cloud and grid computing.

Chapter 5 provides a comprehensive review of artificial intelligence (AI) methods. The reviewed algorithms are categorized into supervised and unsupervised methods. In the supervised methods, two major groups of classification and regression methods are discussed. In the classification methods, the key features of decision trees (DT), the (naive) Bayesian classifier, K-nearest neighbors (KNNs), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machines (SVM) and kernel methods, relevance vector machines (RVMs), ensemble methods, and logistic regression are reviewed. In the regression methods, ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, ridge and lasso regression, support vector regression (SVR), Gaussian process regression (GPR), and thin plate spline (TPS) are discussed. A separate section is devoted to neural networks and deep learning, especially to recent developments in convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), long short-term memory (LSTM), transformers, graph neural networks (GNNs), generative adversarial networks (GAN), autoencoders, and self-organizing maps (SOMs). Among unsupervised learning algorithms, special attention is paid to clustering methods such as k-means clustering and hierarchical clustering, DBSCAN, as well as linear and nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., principal component analysis [PCA], linear discriminant analysis, manifold learning, Laplacian eigenmaps method). This chapter also provides a brief overview of semi-supervised and active Learning, bio-inspired methods, as well as reinforcement learning (RL).

The second part of the book begins with Chapter 6, in which the concept of the Internet of energy (IoE) is introduced. The discussion starts with the description of conventional energy grids, exposure of their limitations, and elucidation of the potentials that have become available through the incorporation of the Industry 4.0 technologies. It continues by reviewing the structure of IoE, with particular emphasis on energy routers, energy hubs, and software-defined networks (SDNs). The utilization of other I4.0 technologies such as big-data analytics and blockchains are also discussed with a special focus on energy trading and transactive IoE.

In Chapter 7, a more specific problem relevant to the Internet of energy is evaluated, which is concerned with the evolving nature of energy infrastructures. Considering the depleting fossil sources and their negative environmental impact, significant efforts are devoted to commercial utilization of renewable energies such as wind and solar power generation. However, the high penetration of renewable energies in the electricity grid also poses a significant challenge due to the intermittent and stochastic nature of wind and solar energies. The conventional approach to tackle such complexity is either through costly energy storage or provision of standby power plant capacity that is usually driven by fossil fuels. However, a paradigm shift has emerged using advanced control and communication systems that would deploy predictive analytics for real-time optimization, eliminating the need for expensive solutions such as energy storage and power plant extra capacity. The chapter explores the economic benefits of utilizing such intelligent systems, through the integration of artificial intelligence in the form time-series prediction, and optimization programming for electricity expansion planning and real-time dispatch.

Chapter 8 explores another specific utilization of Industry 4.0 technologies in the water distribution networks. Water pipelines are prone to operational issues such as aging, leakage, water theft, and sabotage attacks. The utilization of smart sensors quipped with wireless and cellular communication technologies opens up new avenues for monitoring and fault detection. Nonetheless, there is always a trade-off between the number of utilized sensors and selected technology (as well as associated costs) and the observability and possibility of fault detection. In this chapter, a systematic method based on multi-objective optimization is presented that, while minimizing the costs, ensures a certain degree of observability for the network, even in the case of multiple sensor failures.

Chapter 9 is focused on the evolution of oil and gas industries utilizing Industry 4.0 technologies. The discussions include the introduction of recent trends such as data acquisition and processing systems, smart and soft sensors, and digital twins, as well as challenges that need to be addressed for their commercial implementation. More attention is paid to the architecture that allows the fusion of Industry 4.0 technologies such as cloud computing, sensor-to-cloud connectivity, 5G, industrial Internet of things (IIoTs), and AI, with emphasis on standards that enable such integration. The chapter concludes by exploring potential future developments.

In recent years, the transformation of fossil-driven vehicles using electric engines has revolutionized the transportation industry. Chapter 10 studies the impact of Industry 4.0 on transportation electrification. The features of interest include the environmental, economic, and societal benefits that are achievable from such transformation, as well as corresponding barriers and challenges. A deep discussion of the electrification technologies is provided with special attention to the degree of electrification, types of electric motors, required battery and charging technologies, as well as connectivity of vehicles to grid (V2G), other vehicles (V2V), infrastructure (V2I), buildings (V2B), and clouds (V2C) technologies, which can promote energy efficiency as well as traffic safety. Other integrating Industry 4.0 technologies include blockchains, artificial intelligence, cyber-security, and robotics are also discussed in this chapter.

Dramatic advances in computational capabilities have also revolutionized the way that products and services are developed and dramatically have shortened their time to market. This is the focus of Chapter 11, with emphasis on the role that computer-aided molecular design (CAMD) plays in reducing the costs of designing new materials and products in the form of predicting their properties and reducing requirements for physical experimentation. Different CAMD methods are discussed, and implementation procedures are presented. This chapter also reviews the emerging and novel applications of CAMD in the industry.

Chapter 12 evaluates the impact of Industry 4.0 on the pharmaceutical industry. The discussions include the regulatory considerations in this sector, and the recent trends in smart manufacturing of pharmaceuticals in the form of continuous processing, analytical technologies, and digitalization.

The final chapter of the book explores additive manufacturing as a paradigm-shifting technology. Various types of 3D and 4D printing are reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages are presented. In addition, current challenges and future potential developments are discussed.

We sincerely hope that this contribution will open up new discussions and motivate novel research into the adaptation of the Industry 4.0 technologies in energy and material supply chains.

Dr. Mahdi Sharifzadeh, On behalf of coauthors