Читать книгу The Science of Reading - Группа авторов - Страница 27

In most text comprehension research, processing at the word‐ and sentence‐levels is assumed more than studied or specified. In fact, an important component of the Reading Systems Framework is missing from most models of text comprehension: the parsing processes that configure words into phrases into syntactic structures with associated meanings (see Liversedge et al., this volume). Research on sentence comprehension has sought to identify the multiple influences on these structure building and repair processes: implicit knowledge of grammatical structures, computational pressures on simplicity (Frazier & Rayner, 1982), statistical patterns of language use, and various lexical and contextual influences (Gibson & Pearlmutter, 1998). A major enduring issue is the relative influence of linguistic knowledge and knowledge of the world, two factors that are difficult (but possible) to separate (Warren & Dickey, 2021).

There is an intimate connection between building syntactic structure and building a situation model. To build a situation model from “The spy saw the cop with binoculars,” the reader must decide whether to attach “with binoculars” to “saw” or to “the cop” There is no information within the sentence to favor one structure over the other. In the absence of other information, the choice is influenced by a simplicity strategy (e.g., assume “the” begins a minimal noun phrase, which favors attaching “with binoculars” to “saw”). However, when the preceding text has established that there were two cops, one of whom has binoculars, then this preference is readily reversed (Britt et al., 1992). Readers generally wind up with the structure needed for the intended meaning, but this often follows an initial incorrect parse whose repair is revealed in reading measures (Frazier & Rayner, 1982).

These structure‐building processes are in the fast current of reading supported by multiple knowledge sources and co‐occurring with semantic integration processes. The result is the continuous updating of the reader’s situation model.