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2.2.6 Lubricants

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Lubricants are added to polymer formulations to ensure homogenous flow, uniform compositions, and quick release during processing and molding. There are three main types of lubricants: anti‐slip agents that reduce the coefficient of friction of the plastic laminates; external lubricants that coat the metal/polymer interface during processing to minimize the plastic from sticking to the machinery; and a third group of low mass compounds that promote the flow of the polymer in the melt (Brydson 1999). Some of the most commonly used lubricants in thermoplastics are fatty acid amides (primary erucamide and oleamide), fatty acid esters, metallic stearates (e.g. zinc stearate), silicones, and waxes (Bhunia, et al. 2013). There is not much information available on the toxicity of lubricants (Andrady and Rajapakse 2019). However, some lubricants are nonylphenol based, which are known as endocrine disruptors (Boehme et al. 2010).

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