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Plastics and the Ocean
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Страница 1
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Plastics and the Ocean: Origin, Characterization, Fate, and Impacts
Страница 8
Страница 9
List of Contributors
Страница 11
Foreword
1 Plastics in the Anthropocene
1.1 What Are Plastics?
Box 1.1
Thermoplastics and Thermosets
1.2 Plastics at Present and in the Future
1.2.1 Plastics in the Ocean Environment
1.2.2 Microplastics in the Ocean
1.2.3 Chemicals in Plastic Debris
1.3 Ingestion of Microplastics Marine Organisms
Box 1.2
Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
1.4 Sustainability of Plastics
1.4.1 Recycling of Post‐Use Plastics
1.4.2 Using Bio‐Based Feedstocks for Plastics.
1.5 Plastic Manufacturing
1.6 Polymers: A Basic Introduction
1.6.1 Crystallinity in Plastics
1.6.2 Thermal Transitions
1.7 Societal Benefits of Plastics
1.7.1 Packaging Food and Beverage
Box 1.3
Paper or Plastic?
1.7.2 Plastics in Building
1.7.3 Plastics in Transportation
1.7.4 Plastics in Textile Fibers
1.7.5 Plastics in the Energy Industry
References
Notes
2 Plastic Additives in the Ocean
2.1 Function of Plastic Additive Classes
2.2 Functional Additives 2.2.1 Plasticizers
2.2.2 Flame Retardants
2.2.3 Antioxidants
2.2.4 Heat Stabilizers
2.2.5 Impact Modifiers
2.2.6 Lubricants
2.2.7 Light Stabilizers
2.2.8 Colorants
2.2.9 Fillers and Reinforcements
2.3 Sources, Transport, and Fate of Additives in the Ocean
2.3.1 The Simple Release of Additives From Plastics to Water
2.3.2 The Complexity of Intentionally Added Versus Adsorbed Additives
2.3.3 The Complexity of Multiple Compartments
2.3.3.1 Transport of Plastic Additives to/From Marine Sediment
2.3.3.2 Transport of Plastic Additives to/From Marine Biota
2.4 Degradation of Plastic Additives in the Marine Environment
2.5 Detection in the Marine Environment
2.5.1 Plastic Samples
2.5.2 Abiotic Samples
2.5.3 Biotic Samples
2.6 Toxicity of Additives
2.7 NIST Disclaimer
References
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