Читать книгу Your Literacy Standards Companion, Grades K-2 - Jim Burke - Страница 37

Analyze their development: This refers to the careful and close examination of the parts or elements from which something is made and how those parts affect or function within the whole to create meaning.

Central ideas: Some ideas are more important to a work than others; these are the ideas you could not cut out without fundamentally changing the meaning or quality of the text. Think of the “central” ideas of a text as you would the beams in a building: They are the main elements that make up the text and that all the supporting details help to develop.

Central message, lesson, or moral: This relates to what the author thinks is right or the proper way to behave. In upper elementary grades, this is often referred to as the theme. Generally, in fiction, the message/lesson/moral addresses the author’s point of view about relationships between people.

Fables: These are legendary stories of supernatural happenings or narratives that attempt to impart truths (often through morals)—especially in stories where animals speak and have human characteristics.

Folktales (and fairy tales): Folktales are short stories that were first passed down from generation to generation by word of mouth. These tales typically have to do with everyday life, with a character of poor and humble origins triumphing over a wealthier, more powerful superior. Fairy tales are a subgenre of folktales that include magical elements or creatures, such as dragons, goblins, and elves. The entire folktale genre generally reflects or validates certain aspects of the culture or group.

Key supporting details and ideas: Key details and ideas support the larger ideas the text develops over time and are used to advance the author’s claim(s). Since not all details and ideas are equally important, students must learn to identify those that matter the most in the context of the text.

Main topic: This refers to what an informational text is all about (e.g., how animals prepare for winter). The main topic is the most important or central idea of a paragraph or of a larger part of a text. It’s what the author wants you to remember most.

Retelling or recounting stories, including key details: Retelling/recounting involves giving an oral account of the key details of a story. This typically includes an opening statement, a chronological listing of key events, and a concluding statement. (Even though retell and recount have slightly different meanings, we use them interchangeably throughout this volume.)

Summarize: When readers summarize, they identify and report on the key ideas, details, or events in the text, giving just the important information, not every single detail.

Themes: These are what the text is actually about, and there can be more than one. A theme can be the central message, the lesson, or what the author wants you to come away with. Common themes include survival, good versus evil, showing respect for others, adventure, love, and friendship.