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Climate policies in the EU have been developing since 1990, introducing common measures in the areas of greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energies and energy efficiency. An EU-wide climate policy framework has been developed, implemented, and revised over time. With the 2030 goals set in 2014, specific changes for the post 2020 period are under discussion. The big summary of climate change policy for Europe can be divided in 4 groups as can be seen in the table below (Oikonomou, 2015).

Table 1. EU and Climate Change issue.

1. The first steps in EU climate policy

1.1 Discussions on EU climate policy triggered by IPCC report in 1990

1.2 First instruments on renewable energies and energy efficiency agreed on

2. Implementation of Kyoto I

2.1 European emissions trading scheme introduces emission caps

2.2 European climate policies target greenhouse gases, renewable energies and energy efficiency

3. Implementation of Kyoto II

3.1 Climate and energy package continues threefold policy approach

4. The period after 2020

Source: prepared by the author based on Oikonomua,2015.

The following knowledge package focuses on the history of climate policy instruments in the European Union (EU) and is structured by stages in time. It starts with the early 1990s, and continues with the policies designed to fulfil the Kyoto targets for the first commitment period (2008-12); followed by the strategies for the second commitment period (aiming at 2020).