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The General Architectural Ennead
Layout – Tectonics
ОглавлениеThe structure is the first principle of the architectural meon. The second principle in architectural eidos is the antithesis of function and aesthetics. Now it is necessary to present a meonal modification of these categories from the point of view of the structure.
What is a function given in the architectural meon, in space and considered from the structural point of view? A function is a movement, a multi-component process that takes place in a building, to a building, through a building, and out of a building. Structural modification of a function means that it is taken as a system of spaces that organize the process of human activity. The system of spaces that defines the places of their isolation and overlapping is a layout. The layout is the formation of a function.
The layout should provide not only one particular function, but also be ready to flexibly respond to various life changes. The functional flexibility of the layout is one of the qualities that make the building vital and durable. The functional system of constructivism of the 1920s is characterized by invariance22, and I. Leonidov, contrary to the general trend of this movement, "sought to universalize the type of building – one spatial composition for a number of functions.23" Later, this trend was crystallized in the Seagram Building by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Among foreign architects, the flexibility of the layout also characterizes the works of K. Tange.
Further, let's modify the aesthetics category in a similar way. Aesthetics, given as a structure, is tectonics. Tectonics is not only an aesthetic interpretation of a structure, but also a structural expression of aesthetics. The demonstration of the structure's work has ideological and symbolic significance. Tectonics is the framework of mythological eidos given in the structure.
Let us briefly consider the types of tectonics. The main types of tectonics are the tectonics of material and the tectonics of space, according to the understanding of architectural form as a material and spatial synthesis. The tectonics of the material is antithetically divided into heaviness expression tectonics and heaviness overcoming tectonics.
When form and structure are identical (direct demonstration of the structure), it is called constructive tectonics. If the form and structure do not match (for example, the form envelops the structure without giving an idea of its work), it is called atectonics (for example, the Baroque style). When synthesizing form and structure, we speak about artistic tectonics: "a plastic form reflects the fundamental features of the structure.24"
Thus, the second architectural and meonal principle is formed by the antithesis of layout/tectonics. Layout is the tectonics of functional space, and tectonics is the structure of aesthetic space expressing myth.
The next step is a synthesis of tectonics and layout, correlated with the architectural form of the sphere of eidos. It is a building given as a fact or the fact of a building, that is, a building taken solely from the point of view of materiality, as a material that has become25.
Summarizing, the architectural meon looks like this:
1) Structure.
2) Layout – Tectonics.
3) The fact of the building.
The next logical area after the sphere of eidos and the sphere of meon is the sphere of synthesis of both, completing the overall architectural ennead. The synthetic domain, like others, contains its own identity, its own difference and its own synthesis, but the data are already as holistic as possible, as a synthesis of idea and matter. It all starts, as before, with the original identity of opposites, which we will call the architectural essence. The architectural essence is polarized into internal and external part, which are then synthesized in their unity. Let's move on to the specific dialectic of the external and internal in architecture.
22
Ikonnikov A. V. (1985) Khudozhestvenny yazyk arkhitektury [The Artistic language of Architecture]. Moscow: Iskusstvo, p. 30. (in Russian)
23
Alexandrov P.A., Khan-Magomedov S.O. (1971) Ivan Leonidov. Moscow: Stroyizdat, p54. (in Russian)
24
Tits A. A., Vorobyeva E. V. (1986) Plastichesky yazyk arkhitektury [The Plastic Language of Architecture]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. pp.47-48. (in Russian)
25
Thing that has become is a philosophical term of A. F. Losev, it is the next link following the triad of One, Being, Becoming.