Читать книгу Architecture. Dialectic. Synthesis - - Страница 19

V. Krinsky wrote that "the task was set to express dynamics. We considered this quality to be the most important feature of the new architecture, distinguishing it from the static forms of the old architecture.61"

Difference is movement, and identity is peace. The potential difference in an electric field causes a current, the difference in elevation levels causes the flow of water in a river, etc. In moral life, movement – the will to moral perfection – arises as a result of the difference between the ideal and the real state of the soul.

We find the same regular pattern in the field of architectural form.

The difference is the reason for the movement. Let's translate this into the language of geometry. The identity of forms with respect to an axis is the symmetry of forms with respect to that axis. If the forms are not different from each other relative to the axis, they repeat each other, then they do not cause the form movement. The observer's gaze, discovering the sameness of the sides, calms down and does not move. The opposite of this is asymmetry. Here we see a difference in forms, their inequality to each other, which causes a desire either to balance them or to find a reconciling form that removes the difference between them – in a word, there is movement (both of form and gaze). The asymmetry must be associated exactly with the difference. After all, there are no single points, lines, planes in the asymmetry, relative to which the asymmetry would be established. They can be found in many places.

Thus, symmetry and asymmetry are the geometric correlate of the semantic opposition of identity and difference and the physical opposition of rest and movement. Asymmetry is one of the main ways to convey the dynamics of architectural form in space.

Let's move on to a more thorough analysis of the concept of symmetry.

Symmetry is usually defined as the same arrangement of equal parts of a shape in relation to a third shape (for example, a point, line, plane), called an element of symmetry. In other words, symmetrical shapes are shapes that, with a certain change in their spatial position, coincide – they coincide, when they are identified (aligned) spatially.

Let's give a dialectical definition to this concept.

Symmetry is the ordering of equal elements of the actual set of a single eidos, functioning in this set as a difference in space and identity in time, at the same time – and with the same degree of intensity in all parts of the set.

Symmetry differs from meter in that the forms are given in it at once, simultaneously; it is the sequence that is given in meter (and rhythm), here there is a transition from one part to another, and not a one-time perception. Symmetry obviously differs from rhythm in that rhythm is an arrangement of unequal elements or intervals, while symmetry is an arrangement of equal elements. Rhythmic form is a form that becomes, moves. The rhythm cannot but have a direction, strive for something. Symmetry is self-contained and self-enclosed. "Symmetrical compositions are characterized by strict unambiguity in the placement of form details and their unconditional subordination to the whole. It is no coincidence that symmetry was actively used to embody the ideas of centralization and a strictly systematic world order.62"

There are the following basic types of symmetry:

1) Repetition (translational) symmetry

2) Reflection symmetry

3) Rotational symmetry.

Translation is an operation of identity on a shape, reflection is an operation of difference, since all points of the shape change places. Rotation is an operation of self-identification, there is both a repetition of the shape and a reversal of points. In various mutual combinations, these types of symmetry form more complex ones.

The synthesis of symmetry and asymmetry is presented by:

1) dissymmetry (symmetry in general and asymmetry in parts)

2) antisymmetry (symmetry in form and opposition in content)

3) diverse combinations of symmetrical and asymmetrical parts in one object.