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How many Muscles are there appointed to move the Head, and which be they?

The Head is mov'd by the means of fourteen Muscles, seven on each side; of these, two serve to depress it, eight to lift it up, and four to turn it round about.

The two Depressors are call'd Sternoclinomastoidei; they take their Rise in the Sternum, at the Clavicles, and proceed obliquely to join the Apophysis Mastoides.

Of the four Elevators on each side the first is the Splenius, which begins at the five Vertebræ of the Back and the three lower ones of the Neck, and ascending obliquely, cleaves to the hinder part of the Head. The second, named Complexus or Trigeminus, having its beginning as the Splenius, sticks in like manner to the hinder part of the Head, and they form together a figure resembling that of S. Andrew's Cross. The third is the Rectus Major, which proceeding from the second Vertebra of the Neck, shoots forward to join the hinder part of the Head. The fourth is the Rectus Minor, which begins at the first Vertebra of the Neck, and ends likewise in the hinder part of the Head.

The two Muscles on each side, which move the Head circularly, are the Obliquus Major and Minor; the greater Oblique taking its rise from the second Vertebra of the Neck, goes to meet the first; but the lesser Oblique hath its Origine in the hinder part of the Head, and proceeds to join the other obliquely in the first Vertebra.

How many Muscles are there in the Lower-Jaw, and which be they?

The Lower-Jaw hath twelve Muscles which cause it to move; that is to say, six on each side, whereof four serve to close and two to open it.

The first of the Openers is the Latus, which beginning at the top of the Sternum, Clavicle, and Acromion, cleaves on the outside to the bottom of the Lower-Jaw-Bone. The second of the Openers is the Digastricus, which takes its rise in a Fissure lying between the Occipital Bone and the Apophysis Mastoides, from whence it passeth to the bottom of the Chin on the inside.

The first of the Shutters is the Crotaphites or Temporal Muscle, which hath its Origine at the bottom, and on the side of the Os Coronale, the Os Parietale, and the Os Petrosum, from whence it is extended till it cleaves to the Apophysis Coronoides of the Lower-Jaw, after having passed above the Apophysis of the Zygoma: Its Fibres are spread from the Circumference to the Center, and it is covered again with the Pericranium, which renders its Wounds very dangerous; so that the least Incisions as can be, ought to be made therein.

The second is the Pterygoideus or Aliformis Externus, whose rise is in the Apophysis Pterygoides, from whence it sets forward till it stick between the Condylus and the Coronal of the Lower-Jaw.

The third is the Masseter, which hath two Sources or Beginnings, and as many Insertions; the first Source thereof is at the Cheek-Knot or Ball of the Cheek, and the second at the lower part of the Zygoma. The first Insertion is at the outer Corner of the Jaw, and the second in the middle part, by that means forming the Figure of the Letter X.

The fourth is the Pterygoideus or Aliformis Internus, which hath its beginning in the Apophysis Pterygoides, and is terminated in the inner Corner of the Jaw; so that Mastication or Chewing is perform'd by the means of these four Muscles.

How many Muscles are there in the Face, and which be they?

There are two for the Forehead, call'd Frontal, whose Origine is in the upper part of the Head, from whence they descend by streight Fibres, until they are fasten'd in the Skin of the Forehead near the Eye-Brows, where they are re-united: Their Action or Office is to draw the Skin of the Forehead upward, whereto they stick very close.

There are also two others call'd Occipital, which have their Beginning in the same place with the preceeding, but they descend backward, and cleave to the Skin of the hinder part of the Head, which they draw upward.

There are two Muscles to each Eye-Lid, one whereof is termed the Attollens or Elevator and the other the Depressor. The Elevator takes its rise in the bottom of the Orbit of the Eye, and is fastned by a large Aponeurosis to the edge of the upper Eye-Lid. The Shutter or Depressor, call'd also the Orbicular, hath its Origine in the great Canthus, or Corner of the Eye, passeth over the Eye-Lid upward, and is join'd to the lesser Corner of the same Eye, being extended along its whole Compass.

The Eyes have each six Muscles, viz. four Recti and two Obliqui; the Recti or streight Muscles are the Elevator, the Depressor, the Adductor, and the Abductor. The first of these call'd Elevator, or Superbus, draws the Eye upward, as it is pull'd downward by the Depressor or Humilis; the Adductor or Bibitorius draws it toward the Nose, and the Abductor or Indignarorius toward the Shoulder: All these small Muscles have their Originals and Insertions in the bottom of the Orbit through which the Optick Nerve passeth, and are terminated in the Corneous Tunicle, by a very large Tendon.

The first of the Oblique ones is term'd the Obliquus Major, and the other Obliquus Minor, because they draw the Eye obliquely. These Muscles cause Children to squint when they do not act together. The Obliquus Minor is fasten'd at the outward part of the Orbit near the great Corner, and draws the Eye obliquely toward the Nose: But the Obliquus Major is fixt in the inner part of the Orbit, and ascends along the Bone to the upper part of the great Corner, where its Tendon passeth thro' a small Cartilage nam'd Trochlea, and is inserted in the little Corner with the lesser Obliquus Minor, to draw the Eye obliquely toward the lesser Corner.

The Ear, altho' not usually endu'd with any sensible Motion, nevertheless hath four Muscles, viz. one above, and three behind; the first being situated over the Temporal, and fasten'd to the Ear to draw it upward: The three others have their beginning in the Mammillary Apophysis, and are terminated in the Root of the Ear, to draw it backward.

There are also three Muscles in the inner part of the Ear, whereof the external belonging to the Malleus or Hammer lies under the exterior part of the Bony Passage which reacheth from the Ear to the Palate of the Mouth, being fixt in a very oblique Sinuosity which is made immediately above the Bone that bears the Furrow, into which is let the Skin of the Tympanum or Drum. The internal Muscle lies hid in a Bony Semi-Canal, in the Os Petrosum; one part of which Semi-Canal is without the Drum, and clos'd on the top with a Passage that leads from the Ear into the Palate. But the other part within the Drum advanceth to the Fenestra Ovalis, and is inserted in the hinder part of the Handle of the Malleus. The Muscle of the Stapes or Stirrup is also hid in a Bony Tube, almost at the bottom of the Drum, and fixt in the Head of the Stapes.

The Nose hath seven Muscles, that is to say, one common and six proper; the common constitutes part of the orbicular Muscle of the Lips, and draws the Nose downward with the Lip. Of the six proper Muscles of the Nose, four serve to dilate it, being situated on the outside, and two to contract it, which are placed in the inside.

The two first Dilatators of a Pyramidal Figure, take their rise in the Suture of the Forehead, and are fasten'd by a large Filament to the Alæ of the Nose. The two other Dilatators resembling a Myrtle-Leaf have their Source in the Bone of the Nose, and are inserted in the middle of the Ala.

The two Restrictors are Membranous, beginning in the internal part of the Bone of the Nose and adhering to the inner Ala of the Nostril.

The Lips have thirteen Muscles, viz. eight proper, and five common: Of the proper there are four for the Upper-Lip, and as many for the Lower: with two common for each, and the odd one.

The first of the proper of the Upper-Lip bears the Name of the Incisivus, its Origine being in the Jaw, in the place of the Incisive Teeth and its Insertion is in the Upper-Lip.

The second is the Triangulis, Antagonist to the former; its Rise is on the outside, at the bottom of the Lower-Jaw; and it is implanted in the Upper-Lip, near the Corner of the Mouth.

The third being the Quadratus, springs from the bottom of the Chin before, and cleaves to the edge of the Lower-Lip.

The fourth is the Caninus, Antagonist to the Quadratus, beginning in the Upper-Jaw-Bone and being terminated in the Lower-Lip near the Corner of the Mouth.

The first of the common is the Zygomaticus, the Origine whereof is in the Zygoma and its Insertion in the Corner of the Mouth, to draw it toward the Ears; so that it is the Muscle which acts when we laugh.

The second of the common is the Buccinator or Trumpeter, which is swell'd when one sounds a Trumpet. It hath its rise at the Root of the Molar Teeth of both the Jaws, and is extended quite round about the Lips.

The odd Muscle, or the thirteenth in number, is the Orbicular, which makes a Sphincter round about the Lips to close or shut them up.

The Uvula or Palate of the Mouth hath four Muscles, whereof the two first are the Peristaphylini Externi, taking their rise from the Upper-Jaw, above the Left Molar Tooth, and being ty'd to the Palate by a thin Tendon.

The two others are the Peristaphylini Interni, which have their beginning in the Apophysis Pterygoides on the inside, and likewise stick to the Palate.

The Tongue, altho' all over Musculous and Fibrous, yet doth not cease to have its peculiar Muscles, which are eight in Number.

The first of these is call'd Genioglossus, taking its rise in the lower part of the Chin, from whence it is extended till it cleave to the Root of the Tongue before, to cause it to go out of the Mouth.

The second is term'd Styloglossus, its Rise being in the Apophysis Styloides, from whence it passeth to the side above the Tongue, to lift it up.

The third bearing the Name of Basiglossus, commenceth in the Basis or Root of the Os Hyoides, and thence insinuates it self into the Root of the Tongue, to draw it back to the bottom of the Mouth.

The fourth is the Ceratoglossus, deriving its Original from the Horn of the Os Hyoides, and cleaving to the side of the Tongue to draw it on one side: The Action of these Muscles of both sides together, causeth an Orbicular Motion in the Tongue. To these some add a fifth Pair of Muscles, call'd Myloglossus, which serves to draw it obliquely upward.

What is the Action of the Os Hyoides in the Throat, and how many Muscles hath it?

The use of the Os Hyoides is to consolidate the Root of the Tongue; and it hath five Muscles on each side, which keep it as it were hung up.

The first of these, call'd the Geniohyoideus hath its beginning in the Chin on the inside, and adheres to the top of the Os Hyoides, which it draws upward.

The second is the Mylohyoideus, whose Origine is in the inner side of the Jaw, from whence it cleaves side-ways to the Root of the Os Hyoides, which it draws upward, and to one side.

The third is the Stylohyoideus, which after it hath taken its rise in the Apophysis Styloides, is fasten'd to the Horn of the Os Hyoides, to draw it toward the side.

The fourth is the Coracohyoideus, which springing up from the Apophysis Coracoides of the Omoplata, cleaves to the Root and side of the Os Hyoides, to draw it downward and to the side.

The fifth is the Sternomohyoideus, that hath its beginning in the Bone of the Sternum on the inside and is inserted in the Root of the Os Hyoides, which it draws downward.

How many Muscles hath the Larynx?

There are fourteen, viz. four Common, and ten Proper. The first Pair of the Common is the Sternothyroideus or Bronchycus, which proceeding from the inside, and the top of the Sternum, ascends along the Cartilages of the Wind-Pipe, and is terminated in the bottom of the Scutiformis or Buckler-like Cartilage, which it draws downward. The second is the Hyothyroideus, which ariseth from the Root of the Os Hyoides, and is inserted in that of the Scutiforme. This Muscle serves to lift up the Larynx, as also to dilate the bottom of the Scutiformis, and to close its top.

The first Pair of the Proper is the Cricothyroideus Anticus, which deriving its Original from the hinder and upper part of the Cricoides, or Ring-like Cartilage, is fixt in the upper and lateral part of the Scutiformis, to close or shut it up.

The second is the Thyroides.

The third is the Cricoarytenoideus Lateralis, which proceeds from the side of the Cricoides within, and is fasten'd to the bottom and side of the Arytenoides, which it removes to dilate the Mouth of the Larynx.

The fourth is the Thyroarytenoideus, which arising from the fore-part on the inside of the Scutiformis, is terminated on the side of the Arytenoides, to close the Orifice of the Larynx.

The fifth is the Arytenoideus, which having its Source in that place where the Cricoides is united to the Arytenoides is inserted in its upper and lateral part, to close the Larynx.

How many Muscles hath the Pharynx?

It hath seven, the first whereof is the Oesophagieus, which takes its rise from the side of the Scutiformis or Buckler-like Cartilage, and passing behind the Oesophagus or Gullet, is fasten'd to the other side of the Cartilage. It thrusts the Meat down by locking up the Pharynx as a Sphincter.

The second named Stylopharingæus, springs from within the Acute Apophysis of the Os Sphenoides, or Cuneiforme, and is inserted obliquely in the side of the Pharynx, which it dilates by drawing it upward.

The third, call'd Sphenopharyngæus, proceeds from the Apophysis Styliformis, and is terminated in the side of the Pharynx, which it dilates by drawing its sides.

The fourth Pair is the Cephalopharyngæus which ariseth from the articulation of the Head with the first Vertebra, and closeth the Larynx.

How many Muscles are there in the Neck, and which be they?

There are four Muscles in the Neck on each side, viz. two Flexors, and two Extensors. The Flexors are the Scalenus and the Rectus or Longus; and the Extenders are the Spinatus and the Transversalis.

The Scalenus or Triangularis hath two remote Sources, viz. one in the first Rib, and the other in the Clavicle, and is fasten'd to the third and fourth Vertebra of the Neck.

The Rectus or Longus begins in the side of the four upper Vertebra's of the Back, and is join'd to the upper Vertebra's of the Neck, and the hinder part of the Head.

The Spinatus hath its Origine in the fourth and fifth upper Vertebra's of the Back, and is fasten'd to all the six lower Vertebra's of the Neck.

The Transversalis springs forth out of the upper Vertebra's of the Back, and cleaves to the Extremity of the four Vertebra's of the Neck.