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In his study, Kuusinen suggested further studies on the matter to be able to generalize the results. That is why the batch size study was extended to offices, hotels and residential buildings covering different continents and cultures (Sorsa et al. 2021). The daily traffic was observed in elevator lobbies with a pen and paper method in 2013–2014. Table 3.3 includes a summary of the building and measurement data. The measurement was made for 12 hours using a manual data collection template. The collected data include the building name, number of served floors by elevators, elevator group size, design population and passenger batch sizes with their arrival times. Batch size estimations were based on observer judgment where a batch consisted of colleagues or friends discussing with each other or family members moving together. For the manual counting, the social passenger batch was defined as a group of people who

1 arrive at the same time

2 move together or discuss with each other

3 enter the same car.

Table 3.3 Summary of observed office, hotel and residential building daily data.

Building location	Time of day	No. of person trips/day	No. of batches/day	Mean batch size/day (persons)
Offices
FIN	8:00–20:00	2717	2289	1.2
SIN	8:00–20:00	5514	4261	1.3
UAE	7:00–19:00	2699	2169	1.2
USA1	8:00–20:00	3389	2917	1.2
Daily average	1.2
Hotels
SIN1	8:00–19:00	5128	2595	2.0
UAE1	9:00–20:00	2650	2008	1.3
Daily average	1.7
Residential buildings
FIN1	7:00–19:00	318	284	1.1
SIN2	8:00–20:00	705	512	1.4
UAE2	7:00–19:00	965	763	1.3
Daily average	1.3
Commercial buildings (escalators)
FIN2	7:00–21:00			1.2

The batch sizes were observed from four globally selected office buildings, two hotels and three residential buildings as shown in Figure 3.9. The observations were made for 12‐hour periods in elevator lobbies, normally starting at 8:00 o'clock in the morning as shown in Table 3.3 (Sorsa et al. 2021). The measurements of batches in commercial building were made from escalator entrances (Uimonen et al. 2017). Social groups and their sizes were recognized also from one‐hour video recording of a security camera in a cruise ship (Sorsa and Siikonen 2014). The recording was made during embarkation where people used elevators and stairs.

Figure 3.9 Observed daily passenger batch size distributions of the globally selected office buildings (a), hotels (b), residential buildings (c), and a commercial building and a cruise ship (d).

The gender of the persons was recorded in Dubai and San Francisco but unfortunately not in the other countries. According to the recordings, 60–75% of the observed person trips in those countries were made by males, and 25–40% by females. The mean and average batch sizes of all buildings are analysed in Table 3.3. In general terms, the measured mean passenger batch sizes in different types of buildings vary between one and two persons on average. The social groups inside buildings seem to be smaller than pedestrian groups outside buildings (James 1953; Coleman and James 1961; Moussaïd et al. 2010).