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Observed frequencies of different batch sizes during the measurement period are shown in Figure 3.9. The batch size distribution for all four globally selected office buildings looks surprisingly similar with the mean batch size of 1.2 persons (Figure 3.9a). For the hotels, there is great variation in the batch sizes with the mean of 1.7 persons, see Figure 3.9b. The hotel in Singapore is for family and holiday use and the mean daily batch size is greater, about two persons. The hotel in UAE is a business hotel with smaller passenger batches. The average batch size in residential buildings is 1.3 persons where the batch sizes vary somewhat depending on the culture. In Finland, passengers move mostly alone with a mean batch size of 1.1 persons while in Singapore the mean batch size is 1.4 persons, see Figure 3.9c.

For offices, 82–84% of the number of batches were individual arrivals with a mean batch size of 1.2 persons. This confirms earlier results obtained in offices (Sorsa et al. 2013). During lunch time, the portion of individual arrivals was only about 75 % with a mean batch size of 1.4 persons, which is close to the 1.5 persons obtained by Kuusinen (2008). These values indicate significant deviation from the traditional assumption that in office buildings passengers arrive and travel alone in elevators.

Hotel guests move with their friends or families. The daily mean social group size varies from 2.0 in Singapore to 1.3 in UAE. About 50–75% of the batch arrivals are individual with mean batch size of 1.7 persons, which is much bigger than the one recorded from the offices. Peak traffic hour in in Singapore occurs between 15:00 and 17:00 while in UAE it is between 17:00 and 19:00 o'clock.

In residential buildings, the daily mean group size is 1.3 persons during the day, which is slightly higher than for offices. In the afternoon at about 15:00 o´clock, the mean batch size is bigger, 1.5 persons. According to the observations, about 80% of the trips are individual, which is higher than in hotels.

Figure 3.9d shows the batch size distribution in a Finnish shopping centre. In the commercial building, 78% of the batch arrivals were individual whereas in cruise ships the number was 48 %. The mean daily group size in the cruise ship was 1.7 persons. In the hotels and cruise ships, the observed mean batch sizes are the highest. Based on all the observations above, rough values for the mean batch sizes in various types of buildings are proposed in Table 3.4 (Sorsa et al. 2021).

Table 3.4 Mean passenger batch size distribution for different times of day.

Type	Traffic pattern	Mean batch size
Office	Up‐peak	1.0
Lunch‐peak	1.5
Hotel – business	Two‐way	1.5
Hotel – resort	Two‐way	2.0
Residential	Two‐way	1.5
Commercial	Two‐way	1.2
Cruise ships	Incoming	1.7