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1 4.1 What is meant by a “black box” analysis? Give some examples of such an analysis.

2 4.2 Assume that you are going to do risk analysis of an electric coffee maker. Is this a technical or a sociotechnical system? If you concluded that it is a sociotechnical system, what are the nontechnical aspects?

3 4.3 Find examples of technical (man‐made) systems that, if we are going to do a risk analysis of them, would not be considered as sociotechnical systems.

4 4.4 Consider a car ferry transporting passengers and cars across a stretch of water as a system. The system also includes the harbors at both ends. Set up a breakdown structure for this system in two ways: With respect to the physical elements of the system and with respect to the functions/processes performed by the system. Do you think a risk analysis would lead to the same results regardless of which breakdown structure is chosen?

5 4.5 Define the boundaries of the coffee maker considered in Problem 4.2 . What are the external inputs to the system you have defined and what are the outputs? Could a change in the boundaries change the risk analysis?

6 4.6 Define the operating context for the coffee maker in Problem 4.2 .

7 4.7 Describe your interpretation of a complex system. Write down five attributes that make a system complex.

8 4.8 Reconsider the car ferry transporting system in Problem 4.4 . Give two examples of emergent properties that may occur in this system and discuss potential causes of these properties.

9 4.9 Consider an ordinary bicycle and establish a system breakdown structure for this bicycle. Next, consider the stability of the bicycle during normal use. Do you consider it to be possible to deduce the stability properties of the bicycle from the properties of its elements? Would you call the stability an emergent property? Explain why you arrive at this answer.