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The third question in our definition of risk introduces the term consequences. A consequence involves specific damage to one or more assets and is also called adverse effect, negative effect, impact, impairment, or loss.

ISO Guide 73 defines consequence as “outcome of an event affecting objectives,” in line with their definition of risk. The term harm is used in several important standards, including ISO 12100. Their definition of harm is “physical injury or damage to health,” limiting the definition only to cover people. This is in line with the objectives of the standard. In this book, no distinction is made between harm and consequence, and we define it more generally as follows: