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1 Find an audio or video recording of a politician, entertainment figure, or sports personality responding extemporaneously (without preparation) to questions during an interview. Write out several of the speaker's utterances, including any hesitation forms like “um” or “ah” and any speech errors. Identify some of the ways in which the speaker's productions differ from written language.

2 With a classmate, discuss how many phones you think occur in each of the words below. Suggested answers are provided on the APSSEL website.a) mape) speechi) cheeseb) shotf) schoolj) tickc) fixg) waitedk) oftend) wheath) marchedl) epitome

3 Record yourself producing the words in item 2 using Praat, and examine the waveforms and spectrograms. (Consult the APSSEL website for basic instructions.) First, consider the appearance of the vowel portions of each word, taking note of the repeating patterns. Next, compare these with the noisy sounds: the sound of “s” in speech and school. Now compare the sounds of the letters m, w, and t, which all appear in more than one word. How do they differ from one another? Does a particular sound look identical when it appears in different words?

4 While teaching reading, one of my grade‐school teachers frequently told the class that we needed to pronounce the words the way they were spelled. “Look at the letters. Sound the words out!” she would exclaim, sometimes impatiently. What do you think she meant by this? Was she right?