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The IPA is the transcription system most commonly used by phoneticians. You need to know some of the IPA symbols in order to understand many of the issues that arise throughout this book. To distinguish broad IPA transcription from standard orthography, we place the symbols between forward slashes (/ /), also known as virgules. School, for instance, which is spelled with six Roman letters, actually consists of only four sounds and is transcribed in IPA as /skul/—a sequence of four phonetic symbols. In some publications, you will also see narrow transcriptions, which are placed within square brackets ([ ]), and which show more detail than is usually necessary in this book.