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The NSA and CIA jointly operate the Special Collection Service (SCS) whose most visible activity may be the plastic panels near the roofs of US and allied embassies worldwide; these hide antennas for hoovering up cellular communication (a program known as ‘Stateroom’). Beyond this, SCS implants collection equipment in foreign telcos, Internet exchanges and government facilities. This can involve classical spy tradecraft, from placing bugs that monitor speech or electronic communications, through recruiting moles in target organisations, to the covert deployment of antennas in target countries to tap internal microwave links. Such techniques are not restricted to state targets: Mexican drug cartel leader ‘El Chapo’ Guzman was caught after US agents suborned his system administrator.

Close-access operations include Tempest monitoring: the collection of information leaked by the electromagnetic emissions from computer monitors and other equipment, described in 19.3.2. The Snowden leaks disclose the collection of computer screen data and other electromagnetic emanations from a number of countries' embassies and UN missions including those of India, Japan, Slovakia and the EU².