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Lesson 17

육개장이랑 김치도 잡숴 보셨어요?

In this lesson we see Eunice Murphy and Miss Lee discussing Korean foods and their food likes and dislikes. In addition, we observe Chris Murphy going through the check-in procedures at a hotel on Cheju Island with his family. The lesson introduces a number of new patterns built on the infinitive in - 아 ~ -어: use of sensory verbs in the third person, compound verbs of going and coming, resultant states in -어 있-, the exploratory pattern in -어 보-, and doing favors with -어 주-. Finally, the lesson introduces the “nominalizer” ending in -기 and three patterns based on it: begin to do . . . in -기 시작하-, because in -기 때문에, and before . . . ing in -기 전에.

Korean Dialogues

Dialogue 1

Eunice Murphy is chatting with her husband’s secretary, Miss Lee, at the office.

미스 리	한국음식을 좋아하세요?
유니 스	네，특히 갈비와 비빔밥을 좋아해요. 한국에 오기 전에 많이 먹어 봤거든요.
미스 리	그럼，육개장이랑 김치도 잡숴 보셨어요?
유니스	먹어 봤지만，별로 안 좋아 해요.
미스 리	너무 매워서，먹기가 어렵지요? 그럼，우리 언제 한번 삼계탕이나 먹으러 갈까요?
유니스	그러지요.
미스 리	그런데，내일은 선약이 있으니까 모레쯤 어떠세요?
유니스	그래요. 우리 남편도 한국 음식을 언제나 먹고 싶어하니까 내가 물어봐서 날을 정하지요.

Dialogue 2

The Murphy’s have flown down to Cheju Island for a short holiday. Chris Murphy is just about to check in with the family at their hotel.

크리스	안녕하십니까? 예약했는데요.
아가씨	성함이 어떻게 되십니까?
크리스	크리스 머피입니다. 지난달에 2인용 방 둘 을 예약했습니다.
아가씨	(checking the computer) 예，찾았습니다. 304호하고 305호 되겠습니다. 3층에 있습 니다.
크리스	발코니 있지요?
아가씨	그럼요. 발코니도 있고，전경도 아주 좋습니다.
크리스	그리고 식사도 다 포함돼 있어요?
아가씨	아니요，아침 식사만 포함돼 있습니다.
크리스	참，학생할인이 있습니까? 이 애들은 대학생이거든요.
아가씨	네，할인해 드릴게요. 이 숙박부에 먼저 기입해 주시고，올라가 보시지요. 열쇠는 여기 있습니다.
크리스	감사합니다.

Reading Passage

오늘 친구의 형님이 결혼을 했습니다.

나는 결혼식장에 가기 전에 목욕을 하고 이발소에 갔습니다. 이발사가 내 머리를 다듬어 주 고 무스를 발라 줬습니다. 결혼식장에 가서 신랑과 신부에게 인사를 했습니다.

신부가 아주 아름다웠기 때문에 모두 신랑을 부러워했습니다. 친구의 아버지도 아들이 결 혼을 해서 아주 기뻐하셨습니다. 나는 친구 형님에게 결혼 선물로 책을 한 권 사 줬습니다.

나도 연애를 한번 해 보고 싶었습니다.

Vocabulary

Nouns

Hotels and Travel
난방 장치	heating
냉방 장치	air-conditioning
독방	single room
발코니	balcony
숙박	lodging
숙박(을) 하-	lodge at, put up at
숙박부	lodging [registration] form
여행	travel; a journey
여행(을) 하-	travels
열쇠	key
요금	fee; fare
욕실	bathroom, room with a bath
유럽	Europe
유럽공동체	the European Community
전경	the view
(차) 키	(car-)key
체크인	check-in
체크인(을) 하-	check in
할인	discount
할인(을) 해 주 -	give a discount
할인(을) 받-	get/receive a discount
휴가	holiday, leave from work
Restaurants and Food
삼계탕	Korean ginseng chicken soup
서비스	service (e.g., in a restaurant); s.th. unexpected you get for free as part of a transaction
육개장	spicy chopped beef soup
한턱	treat, feast
한턱(을) 내 -	treat, stand treat, give as a treat to
한턱 낼게요.	I’ll treat./Let me treat you.
Weddings
결혼식	wedding ceremony
결혼식장	wedding venue
신랑	the groom
신부	the bride
Other
네거리/사거리	crossroads; intersection
저 네거리에서 내려 주세요.	Please let me off at that intersection.
대답	answer, response
대답(을) 하-	answer, respond
비서	secretary
선약	previous appointment or engagement
선약이 있어서，못 가겠어요.	I have a previous appointment, so I won’t be able to go.
성명	full name, surname + given name [used on official forms]
소식	news, word of/from somebody
수진 씨한테는 소식을 오래 못 들었어요.
I haven’t heard from Sujin for a long time.
시계	watch, clock
얼굴	face
우표	postage stamp
인사	greeting, a formal hello or good-bye
교수님한테 인사 드렸어요?	Did you say hello/good-bye to your professor?
자，인사하시지요.	Please meet so-and-so. (said to the junior of two people when introducing them)
정신	spirit, mind, nerves
정신(이) 없-	be preoccupied with s.th. such that one is unable to cope with other things
키	height
키(가) 크 -	be tall
태도	attitude
저 학생은 태도가 좋아요.	That student has a good attitude.
저 학생은 태도가 나빠요.	That student has a bad attitude.
Verbs
Verbs That Take Objects
기입(을) 하-	fill in (a form)
다듬-	trim, spruce up; give final embellishments to
도w-	help
도와 드릴까요?	Shall I help you?
대접(을) 하-	treat somebody (to a meal), host somebody
제가 대접(을) 하겠습니 다.	I’m buying, or This one will be on me.
바르-	apply, smear it (e.g., mousse, cream)
무스	mousse for hair
약을 발랐어요?	Did you put on/apply the medicine?
무스를 바르세요?	Do you use mousse?
보이-	show it
사진을 좀 보여 주실래요?	Do you mind showing me some photos?
할아버지께 보여 드려요.	Show it to Grandfather.
빌려 주-	lend (use with 한테)
세우-	bring it to a stop
여기서 차를 세워 주세요.	Please stop [the vehicle] here.
연애(를) 하-	go out with [with = 하고, etc.]; “date”
잡숴 보시-	[sb esteemed] eat something, try something
정하-	settle upon, decide upon, fix
시간을 정했어요?	Have you decided upon a time?
포함(을) 하-	include it
포함(이) 되-	be/get included
Related Transitive~Intransitive Pairs
깨-	wake up (intransitive)
보통 몇시에 깨세요?	What time do you usually wake up?
깨우-	awaken sb, wake sb up
애기를 깨우지 마세요.	Don’t wake the baby.
나	exit, come out, appear
해가 났어요.	The sun has come out.
내-	hand in, turn in
숙제를 냈어요?	Did you hand in your homework?
내리-	get off (a bus, train, etc.); to let sb off/out
(1) 종로에서 내립시다.	Let’s get off at Chongno.
(2) 육교 밑에서 내려 주세요.	Please let me off below the overhead footbridge.
Descriptive and/or Sensory Verbs
궁금하-	be/feel curious about [descriptive]
부끄러w-	feel embarrassed, ashamed
부끄러워하지 말고 . . .	Don’t be shy—[eat up!]
부러w-	be envious
섭섭하-	feel sad and/or empty about, feel wistful about [usually about somebody’s absence or imminent departure]
아름다w-	be beautiful
지루하-	be boring, tedious
그 강의는 지루했어요.	That lecture was boring.
Intransitive Verbs (Processive Verbs That Cannot Take Objects)
낙제(를) 하-	fail, flunk
시험에 낙제했어요.	She failed the exam.
닫히- [다치-]	get closed/shut
문이 닫혀 있어요.	The door is shut/closed.
도-ᄅ-	turn, spin; make a round; go around
시작(이) 되-	it begins
열리-	open, be/get opened
문이 열려 있어요.	The door is open.
Adverbs
대단히	very
상당히	quite
특히	especially, in particular
Other
모든 NOUN〔들〕	all NOUNs
[NOUN] 없이	without NOUN (adv.)
정신없이	with a mind for nothing else, absorbed totally
요즘 정신없이 지내고 있습니다.	Lately I don’t know whether I’m coming or going.
-짜리	-’s worth [always used as a modifier for denominations or prices]
2백 원짜리 우표	a 200-wǒn postage stamp
2만 원짜리 표	a 20,000-wǒn ticket
3살짜리 아이	a 3-year-old child
-호	number (of rooms, journals, etc.) (used with Sino-Korean numerals)
뉴스위크 3월호	the March issue of Newsweek

Lesson Notes

17.1. Uses of the Infinitive III: Turning Descriptive Verbs into Processive Verbs with -어해요

1.	모두 신랑을 부러워했습니다. Everyone was envious of the groom.
2.	선생님도 좋아하세요. The teacher is glad, too.
3.	읽고 싶어하세요. He wants to read [it].

The Korean language does not ordinarily allow a speaker to state flatly what another person feels or thinks: such inner processes can be known only secondhand, and Korean grammar requires a separate, more indirect pattern for those occasions when one needs to refer to them.

One way of doing this is to combine descriptive verbs that refer to emotions and feelings (“sensory verbs”) like dislikes and is glad with 해요. This combination externalizes the emotion and, in grammar, changes the descriptive verb into a processive one. Observe the list of such sensory verbs on the next page.

All of the expressions in -어해요 in the second column are transitive: they take as direct objects a noun expression with the particle 을 ~ 를. Here is an illustration of the difference in usage between describing your own emotions and those of someone else.

4.	진호 씨가 와서 좋아요. It’s nice that Chinho has come or I’m glad that Chinho is here.
5.	진호 씨가 와서 좋아해요. [Someone else] is glad that Chinho has come or Chinho is glad to be here.
6.	진호 씨가 와서〔나는〕좋아요. I’m glad Chinho is here.
7.	진호 씨가 와서 복동이는 좋아해요. Poktong-i is glad that Chinho is here.

1st & 2nd Person	3rd Person	English
좋아요			is good, is liked
	→	좋아해요	likes
싫어요			is disliked
	→	싫어해요	dislikes
싶어요			wants to, would like to
	→	싶어해요	[sb else] wants to or would like
기뻐요			is happy or glad
	→	기뻐해요	[sb else] is happy or glad
고마워요			is thankful or grateful
	→	고마워해요	is grateful for, is thankful about;
			[sb else] is thankful or grateful
부러워요			is envious or jealous
	→	부러워해요	is envious of, is jealous of;
			[sb else] is envious or jealous

Here are some more examples of sensory verbs in first- (I, we) and non-first-person usage.

8.	a.	나는 냉면이 싫어요. I don’t like naengmyǒn.
This could also be expressed as:
	b.	나는 냉면을 싫어해요. I don’t like naengmyǒn.
9.	진호 씨는 냉면을 싫어해요. Chinho doesn’t like naengmyǒn.
10.	나는 형님이 부러워요. I’m envious of my older brother.
11.	동생도 형님을 부러워해요. My younger brother is envious of my older brother, too.

These sensory expressions are made honorific by changing 해요 to 하세요.

좋아하세요	싫어하세요
기뻐하세요	고마워하세요
싶어하세요

In other words, you cannot say *싶으셔 해요 or the like.

주의! Honorifics

From the expression -고 싶어요 you can make honorifics in two different ways.
-(으)시고 싶어요?	or	-고 싶으세요?
and from the expression -고 싶어해요 you also have both possibilities.
-(으)시고 싶어해요	or	-고 싶어하세요
But the latter is more common, and it is even possible to have a double-honorific form like:
-(으)시고 싶으세요	or	-(으)시고 싶어하세요.
To make the sensory verb-expression negative you change 해요 to 하지 않아요.
좋아하지 않아요		싫어하지 않아요
기뻐하지 않아요		고마워하지 않아요
-고 싶어하지 않아요

To make the expression both negative and honorific you can apply either the negative first (좋아하지 않으세요) or the honorific first (좋아하시지 않아요), or you can take the latter expression and reapply the honorific (좋아하시지 않으세요) for a somewhat overhonorific effect. In the case of -고 싶어해요, you actually find all these possibilities:

a.	-고 싶어하지 않으세요	(Most common)
b.	-고 싶어하시지 않으세요	(Most common)
c.	-고 싶어하시지 않아요	(Not common)
d.	-(으)시고 싶어하지 않아요	(Not common)
e.	-(으)시고 싶어하지 않으세요	(Not common)
f.	-(으)시고 싶어하시지 않으세요	(Not common)

The last example, triply honorific, is a bit too fancy for everyday use.

17.2. Uses of the Infinitive IV: Compound Verbs

The expressions discussed in Section 17.1, just above—좋아해요 likes, 고마워해요 is grateful for, and so on—are compound verb expressions. They are made by joining to an infinitive—a verb that names the action—some form of another verb (해요 does in these two cases).

주의!

Note that it is always this second (auxiliary) verb that does the rest of the work: it shows the tense and whether the expression is affirmative or negative, question or statement, and so on. This pattern is a general one with Korean verb expressions: the first (main) verb merely tells what action or quality is under discussion—goes, eats, walks; is good, is large, is late—and is otherwise frozen; the second (auxiliary) verb completes the expression and fits it into the sentence with appropriate endings. The honorific and negative expressions are usually built on the auxiliary verb, not on the infinitive.

17.2.1. Compound Verbs with 가- and 오-

Some of the compound expressions you have learned involve the verbs 가요 goes and 와요 comes used as auxiliaries to show direction.

도-ᄅ- tum	(round)	돌아가요	goes back
		돌아와요	comes back
드-ᄅ	enter	들어가요	goes in
		들어와요	comes in
나-	exit	나가요	goes out
		나와요	comes out
걸-	walk	걸어가요	walks (there)
		걸어와요	walks (here)
오르-	ascend	올라가요	goes up
		올라와요	comes up
내리-	descend	내려가요	goes down
		내려와요	comes down

Here are some more examples of compound verb expressions with 가- go and 오- come in sentences.

12.	아버님이 내일 미국에서 돌아오세요. Father is returning from the United States tomorrow.
13.	장 선생님은 언제 한국으로 돌아가셨어요? When did Mr. Chang go back to Korea?
14.	그 영화관에 사람이 너무 많아서 나오고 싶었어요. There were too many people in the movie theater, so I wanted to come out.
15.	걸어 갈래요，버스 타고 갈래요? Would you rather go on foot or take the bus?
16.	나는 1 달 동안이나 밖에 나가지 않았어요. I haven’t been out for a whole month.

17.2.2. Compound Verbs: Resultant States with 있-

Another kind of compound verb expression involves the verb 있어요 is, stays used as an auxiliary to show resultant states. This is a very important usage, which you should observe carefully.

Base	English	Resultant State	English
앉-	sit	앉아 있어요	is seated
		앉아 있지 않아요	is not seated
누w-	lie down	누워 있어요	is lying down
		누워 있지 않아요	is not lying down
서-	stand up	서 있어요	is standing
		서 있지 않아요	is not standing
열리-	be opened	열려 있어요	(door) is open, ajar
		열려 있지 않아요	is not open
닫히-	be shut	닫혀 있어요	is shut, closed
		닫혀 있지 않아요	is not shut, closed
포함되-	be included	포함돼 있어요	is included
		포함돼 있지 않아요	is not included
드-ᄅ-	go into	들어 있어요	is contained
		들어 있지 않아요	is not contained

Here are some more examples of resultant state compound verb expressions in sentences.

17.	서비스는 포함돼 있어요? Is the service included?
18.	나는 누워 있지도，앉아 있지도 않았어요. 서 있었어요. I was neither lying down or sitting. I was standing.
19.	저 창문이 열려 있어요? Is that window over there open?
20.	난방，냉방 장치가 다 돼 있습니다. Heating and air-conditioning installations are all in place.
Note that verbs denoting wearing behave somewhat differently and do not take this construction. Instead, they use the -고 있어요 pattern, which is ambiguous between the two meanings of is wearing [i.e., is in the state resulting from having put on], and is in the process of putting on.
21.	만호 씨는 넥타이를 매고 있어요. Manho is wearing a tie, or Manho is putting on a tie.
22.	수진 씨는 청바지를 입고 있어요. Sujin is wearing blue jeans, or Sujin is putting on blue jeans.

17.3. The Exploratory Pattern in -어 봐요

Observe the following sentences.

23.	회사에 전화를 걸어 보세요. Try making a call to the company.
24.	김치를 먹어 봤어요? Have you tried eating kimchee?
The verb 봐요 ordinarily means looks, sees, reads. As an auxiliary verb following an infinitive, however, it means tries doing—not attempts to do but tries doing—samples the act to see what it’s like, does it to see (just how it will be, how it will turn out, etc.)—an exploratory construction. Some actions are by their very nature exploratory. You have learned the base 물- ask, but this almost always occurs with 보- as 물어보- ask (and see what answer you get). Here are some more examples.
25.	한국말로 편지를 써 봤어요. I tried writing a letter in Korean.
26.	일본 신문을 읽어 봤어요. I glanced through a Japanese newspaper.
27.	영국에 가 보셨어요? Have you ever been to England [to see how you’d like it]?
28.	한국에서 여행해 보셨어요? Have you traveled in Korea?
29.	새 옷을 입어 볼까요? Shall I try on the new clothes?
30.	새 신을 신어 보고 있어요. I’m trying on some new shoes.
31.	새 모자를 써 볼게요. I’ll try on my new hat.
32.	한국에서 살아 보고 싶어요. I wish I could live in Korea (to see what it would be like).

17.4. Doing Favors with 줘요(주어요)

To tell about a favor done for someone, you use a compound consisting of the infinitive plus a word for give—either 줘요 gives (to anyone) or 드려요 gives (to someone esteemed). Though it need not be present in a sentence, if you wish to specify the person for whom the favor is done, this person is treated as the indirect object and takes the particle 한테 (or 에게) or its honorific equivalent 께.

33.	택시를 불러 주시겠어요? Would you please call me a cab?
34.	그 친구는 나를 많이 도와 줘요. 부모님도 늘 도와 드리고요. That friend helps me a lot. And he’s always helping his parents, too.
35.	그 친구는 지난주에 책 1권을 나한테 사 줬고，어머니께 꽃을 사 드렸어요. Last week he bought a book for me and (bought) some flowers for my mother.
36.	내일 7시까지 깨워 주실래요? Would you mind waking me up by 7 tomorrow?
37.	오늘은 내가 점심값을 내 줄게요. Today I’ll treat you to lunch.
38.	옆집 아주머니가 우리 아이를 좀 봐 주고 있어요. The lady next door is looking (after) my child for me.
39.	어머니께 결혼 사진을 보여 드렸어요? Did you show Mother the wedding photos?
40.	할아버님께 선물을 부쳐 드렸어요. I sent Grandfather a present.
41.	힘드시지요? 그럼 제가 도와 드릴게요. > That task is difficult, isn’t it? Then let me help you.
42.	잠깐 기다려 주시겠어요? Will you wait for me a moment, please?
43.	와 주셔서 감사합니다. Thanks for coming.

17.5. Verbs: Nominalizer Form -기

The one-shape nominalizer ending -기 is attached to bases in exactly the same way as is the -고 form (see sections 9.5. and 16.1.) Thus, L-extending verbs attach in their extended form: 파-ᄅ- → 팔기 sell, etc. You can make past forms by attaching it to past bases, and future forms by attaching it to future bases.

Base Type	Nominalizer	Pronunciation
Present/Plain	하기
Past	했기	해끼
Future	하겠기	하게끼

The resulting forms are nounlike words; they mean the act of doing if processive, and the state of being if descriptive. Past forms mean the act of having done, the state of having been; and future forms mean the act of going-to-do, the state of going-to-be. Sometimes the forms translate to do/to be.

These nounlike forms are used in all of the four positions that regular nouns are used in—most commonly these three:

a.	Followed by a particle
b.	Modifying a following noun
c.	In absolute (adverbial) position—in constructions where a particle has optionally been dropped
It is rarer to find a -기 form in the remaining noun use.
d.	Before the copula

44.	이렇게 하기예요. (It is [a matter of ] doing it this way=) Let’s decide to do it this way.

Nominalizer forms enable you to take an entire sentence; convert it into one big noun; and then use this noun as the subject, object, or some other part of a larger sentence.

-기-Conversion

45.	여행을 해요. I travel. → 〔여행을 하-기〕NOUN
Incorporation of -기-Form into Larger Sentence
46.	〔여행(을) 하기〕를 싫어해요. I hate to travel.
Sentence (42) neatly contains two direct objects: one within the -기 clause, and one that is the -기 clause itself. You can, of course, drop either particle 을 ~ 를 — or both of them.
47.	a.〔여행을 하기〕를 싫어해요.
	b.〔여행을 하기〕 싫어해요.
	c.〔여행 하기〕 싫어해요.
Another example:
48.	가수가 나오기를 기다리고 있었어요. We were waiting for the pop star to appear.

17.6. Other Nounlike Uses of -기 Forms

Observe the following examples.

49.	모든 것을 다 잘하기(가) 어려워요. It’s hard to do everything well.
50.	공부만 하기가 재미없잖아요? It’s no fun to do nothing but study, don’t you think?
51.	수영하기를 좋아하세요? Do you like swimming?
52.	밖에서 놀기가 참 좋아요. It’s very nice to play outside, or I really like playing outside.
53.	혼자서 술 마시기를 싫어해요. He hates drinking alone.

In each of these six sentences, a -기 form appears as subject or object, and in each case, the subject or object particle (as usual) is optional, so the -기 form without the particle is left in an absolute, or adverbial, construction.

Note that the class of verbs that can pattern with - 기 in this way is limited; one cannot, for example, say:

54.	*이 김치는 먹기가 너무 매워요. This kimchee is too hot to eat.

Of the verbs learned so far in this course, the following are compatible with this pattern.

재미(가) 있-/없	귀찮-
좋-	싫-
쉬w-	어려w-
힘(이)드-ᄅ-	어때요?

Thus, all are descriptive verbs, and (with the exception of 어때요) all are sensory verbs that participate in the -어해요 pattern for third persons. But it is not the case that all sensory verbs can be used this way, so be wary of trying out new verbs until you have heard them from a Korean yourself.

Here are some more examples of this kind of sentence.

55.	한국말 배우기(가) 쉬워요? Is it easy to learn Korean?
56.	한국말 배우기(가) 어렵지요? It’s difficult to learn Korean, isn’t it?
57.	책을 읽기(가) 재미있어요. It’s fun to read books.
58.	A.	서울에서 살기는 어때요? What’s it like to live in Seoul? [i.e., As far as living in Seoul (Topic)—what’s it like?]
	B.	살기는 좋지요. It’s good, of course!
59.	이 집에는 방이 하나밖에 없어서 살기가 쉽지 않지요. It isn’t easy to live in this house, because it has only one room.
60.	할머니는 너무 말씀을 많이 하셔서, 듣기가 싫어요. Grandmother talks so much I hate to listen.

The expression 듣기 싫어요 I hate to listen is often used where we would say things like Ugh!, I don’t want to hear about it!; Must you say such things?!; What an awful thing (to hear)!; Stop talking! Likewise, the expression 보기 싫어요 means something like How disgusting (to see), or That (or he, she, etc.) makes me sick.

17.7. Plain Base + -기 시작하-: Begin to . . .

Another -기 pattern is the construction with 시작해요 begins, in which the -기 form is, optionally, the direct object of the phrase 시작해요. To say begins to do or begins doing you use a plain base + -기 form (with or without the direct object particle 를) and 시작해요 begins.

61.	사람들이 버스에서 내리기(를) 시작했어요. The people started to get off the bus.
62.	비가 오기 시작해요. It’s beginning to rain.
63.	해가 나기 시작했어요. The sun has started to come out.
64.	한국말은 언제부터 배우기 시작하셨어요? [Since] When did you start learning Korean?
65.	무스를 바르기 시작했어요. I’ve started to use mousse.

주의!

This construction is used with processive verbs only.

For adjectives—begins to be—you use an infinitive in -어 ~ -아 with the auxiliary verb 져요 begins [to be] (see section 18.6).

66.	더워져요. It’s getting hot [= It’s beginning to be hot].

17.8. Any Base + -기 때문에: Because . . .

After a regular noun, 때문에 means because of the NOUN.

67.	우리 동생 때문에 못 가겠어요. I won’t be able to go because of my brother.
68.	날씨 때문에 방학이 별로 재미없었어요. My vacation wasn’t much fun because of the weather.
A -기 form (on any of the three kinds of base) followed by 때문에 by reason of, because of means because one does/is or did/was or will do/will be.
69.	점심에는 다른 약속이 있기 때문에 저녁에 만나기로 했어요. Because I have another engagement for lunch, I’ve decided to meet in the evening.
70.	오늘 시험에 합격했기 때문에 기분이 좋아요. Because I passed the exam today, I am in a good mood.
71.	내일 떠나기 때문에 결혼식에 못 가겠어요. Because I’m leaving tomorrow, I won’t be able to go to the wedding ceremony.
When the because sentence has 너무 overly, too plus adjective, it is sometimes better to translate it with so ADJECTIVE that.
72.	이 모자가 너무 좋았기 때문에 샀어요. This hat was so [“too”] nice I bought it. [Because this hat was so nice, I bought it.]
73.	김 선생님 댁이 너무 멀기 때문에 자주 못 가요. Mr. Kim’s house is so far away, I can’t go often.
74.	날이 너무 더웠기 때문에, 수영장에 사람이 아주 많았어요. It was such a hot day that there were lots of people at the swimming pool.
You can also do this with the somewhat weaker form of because, expressed by -어서.
75.	너무 비싸서 못 샀어요. It was so expensive I couldn’t buy it.

17.9. Plain Base + -기 전에: Before . . .

Processive plain bases in the -기 form enter into phrases with 전에 before to mean before [someone] does. Regardless of the time of the English—before [he] does or before [he] did or before [he] will do—the Korean -기 form remains constant, so the meaning of the phrase is before doing . . . In other words, past, present, and future tense are all handled at the end of the sentence—the ending in -기 always attaches to a plain base.

76.	A.	나가기 전에 머리를 빗어요. I comb my hair before I go out.
	B.	나가기 전에 머리를 빗었어요. I combed my hair before I went out.
	C.	나가기 전에 머리를 빨리 빗을게요. I’ll just comb my hair quickly before we go out.
77.	손님들이 오기 전에 내가 식사 준비를 정신없이 했어요. Before the guests came, I prepared supper in a daze.
78.	방학이 시작되기 전에 마치고 싶어요. I want to finish it before vacation begins.
79.	상점에 가기 전에 은행에 먼저 갈래요. I want to go to the bank (first) before I go to the store.

Exercises

Exercise 1: I’m glad that . . .

Each of the following sentences mean someone does or did something. Change each so that it means I’m glad someone does or did something. For example, the first sentence will be: 선생님이 오셔서, (나는) 좋아요, I’m glad the teacher came. Be sure to translate the complete sentence. It is not necessary to include the 나는 to mean I am glad, but without it the sentence might also be translated It’s good that . . . or It’s nice that . . .

1.	선생님이 오셨어요.
2.	아버지가 자동차를 파셨어요.
3.	시험이 너무 어렵지 않았어요.
4.	오늘은 바쁘지 않아요.
5.	음악회 표를 샀어요.
6.	음식이 아주 매워요.
7.	네거리에서 차를 갑자기 세웠지만, 애기가 안 깼어요.
8.	동생이 시험에 합격했어요.
9.	아내가 아들을 낳았어요.
10.	우리 딸이 좋은 사람하고 결혼했어요. (좋은 사람: nice person)
11.	내일부터 휴가가 시작돼요.
12.	저 학생의 태도가 좋아요.
13.	오늘 해가 드디어 났어요.

Exercise 2: Practice with Sensory Verbs

The following sentences begin with (or are understood to be about) 나는, and express a psychological state about me. Change them into sentences about 수미 씨.

1.	나는 냉면이 좋아요.
2.	나는 삼계탕이 안 매워서 좋아요.
3.	나는 오빠가 유럽으로 자주 여행을 가서 부러워요.
4.	나는 어제 파티에서 교수님 옆에 앉아 있어서 좀 어려웠어요.
5.	나는 무스를 바르고 싶지 않아요.
6.	나는 친구가 도와줘서 그 친구한테 고마워요.
7.	나는 방학이 돼서 좋아요.
8.	나는 내 친구가 외국어를 많이 해서 부러워요.
9.	나는 애기 때문에정신이 없어서, 나가고 싶어요.
10.	나는 다른 사람한테 부탁하기 싫어요.

Exercise 3: Practice with -기 때문에

Each of the following items contains two sentences, the second beginning with 그렇기 때문에 because it’s like that. Combine them into a single sentence meaning Because [this] happens, [that] happens. For example, the first will be: 수진 씨가 일찍 오지 않았기 때문에, 나는 수진 씨를 못 만났지요. I couldn’t see Sujin, because she didn’t get there early.

1.	수진 씨가 일찍 오지 않았어요. 그렇기 때문에, 나는 수진 씨를 못 만났지요
2.	나는 돈이 조금밖에 없어요. 그렇기 때문에, 컴퓨터를 사지 못하고 있어요.
3.	어제 날씨가 너무 추웠어요. 그렇기 때문에, 나는 집에 있었어요.
4.	약혼자가 꽃을 좋아해요. 그렇기 때문에, 나는 꽃을 많이 사 줘요.
5.	나는 그 영화가 너무 좋아요. 그렇기 때문에, 두 번이나 봤어요.
6.	그 안경이 비싸요. 그렇기 때문에, 나는 못 샀어요.
7.	우리는 내일 저녁에 약속이 없어요. 그렇기 때문에, 음악회에 가서 음악을 들을 거예요.
8.	오늘은 피곤해요. 그렇기 때문에, 운전하지 않겠어요.
9.	내일 밤에 손님이 오세요. 그렇기 때문에, 어머니가 음식을 많이 준비하고 계세요.
10.	내일 아침에 수업이 8시부터 시작해요. 그렇기 때문에, 오늘 밤에 일찍 잘래요.
11.	집에 400원짜리 우표가 없었어요. 그렇기 때문에, 200원짜리 2장을 사서 편지를 부쳤어요.

Exercise 4: The Exploratory Pattern

Each of the following sentences means someone does or did something; change each so that the meaning is someone tries or tried doing something; someone did something to see (how it would be). For example, the first will be 만호 씨가 일본에 가 봤어요. Manho tried going to Japan. Manho went to Japan to see. Manho went to see Japan. Be sure you know what each of your sentences means.

[Note: Be careful to make the changes in the first verb expression, not in the auxiliary verb. For example, don’t change 않아요 or 싶어요.]

1.	만호 씨가 일본에 갔어요.
2.	나는 한국 음식을 먹었어요.
3.	나는 서울에 기차를 타고 가고 싶어요.
4.	한국 목욕탕에 갈래요.
5.	버스를 한번 운전했어요.
6.	나는 이 책을 읽고 싶어요.
7.	유럽 여행을 했어요.
8.	나는 시내를 구경하고 싶어요.
9.	사무실에 올라갔어요.
10.	나는 안경을 쓰고 싶어요

Exercise 5: Practice with -기 전에

Each of the following sentences means [something] happens. Change them so that they mean [this] happens before [that]. For example, the first will be: 김 선생님을 만나기 전에, 표를 2장 샀어요. I bought two tickets before I saw Mr. Kim.

1.	김 선생님을 만나요. 표를 2장 샀어요.
2.	박 선생님 부인이 오셨어요. 박 선생님이 먼저 오셨지요.
3.	아이들은 밥을 먹었어요. 놀았어요.
4.	선생님이 방에서 나가셨어요. 그 학생이랑 이야기하셨어요.
5.	할아버지께 사진을 보여 드렸어요. 어머니께 보여 드렸어요.
6.	수업 시간이 끝났어요. 영어로 말하지 마세요.
7.	한국을 떠날 거예요. 박 교수님께 인사를 드리고 싶습니다.
8.	집 안으로 들어가요. 어머니하고 같이 이야기를 좀 해 주세요.
9.	옷을 입어요. 세수하고 면도를 빨리 하세요.
10.	주무세요. 창문 좀 닫아 주세요.
11.	아버지가 집에 돌아오세요. 저녁 준비를 합시다.
12.	택시에서 내렸어요. 돈을 냈어요.

Exercise 6: English to Korean Translation

Translate the following sentences into Korean.

1.	Don’t show Mother those magazines!
2.	It’s raining, so let’s wait under that footbridge a while.
3.	Have you tried [eating] Korean ginseng chicken soup?
4.	Could you give me two 200-wǒn stamps, please?
5.	Father had already left before Mr. Kim came.
6.	I want to buy six 300-wǒn stamps.
7.	Please give me 3 tickets at 10,000 wǒn.
8.	Do you collect stamps?
9.	Grandfather is lying down upstairs.
10.	Would you wake him up [for me] first, please?
11.	Could you send this letter to Korea [for me]?
12.	Before I travelled in Europe, I hadn’t tried speaking any foreign languages.
13.	This book is really difficult. Could you read it [for me], please?
14.	Yesterday I bought a $2,000 computer.
15.	Have you ever been to China?
16.	I bought the tickets for tomorrow’s concert before we saw that movie.
17.	I like listening to the radio.
18.	We can’t go because there aren’t any tickets.
19.	Mr. Lee’s nephew wants to travel in Europe.
20.	He began to write that book last year, but hasn’t finished it yet.

Exercise 7: Korean to English Translation

Translate the following sentences into English.

1.	일본어 시험들은 너무 길고 어려워서, 낙제하기가 쉬워요.
2.	동생한테 소식이 없어서 어머니가 궁금해하세요.
3.	〔호텔에서〕이 요금에 아침도 포함돼 있습니까?
4.	수진: 아직도 빵과 콜라만 먹어요?
	토마스: 아니요, 요즘 한국 음식도 자주 먹기 시작했어요.
5.	영진: 수진 씨, 시계가 너무 멋이 있어요! 생일 선물이에요?
	수진: 네, 아버지가 사 주셨어요.
6.	〔리셉션 파티에서〕
	진호: 음식이 맛이 있지요?
	수진: 네, 그런데 의자가 없어서 먹기가 불편해요.
7.	우리 7살짜리 아이는 드디어 학교에 다니기 시작했어요.
8.	현철: 중국말 배우기가 어때요?
	수미 : 말하기는 쉽지만, 읽고 쓰기는 아주 힘들지요.
9.	〔차 안에서〕
	철호: 어느 길이 더 빠를까요?
	만호: 이쪽 길은 막히기가 쉬우니까, 저쪽 길로 갑시다.
10.	내가 영어로 “헬로” 하니까 아이는 울기 시작했어요.
11.	철호: 왜 이렇게 늦을까요? 그 사람이 약속을 잘 지킵니까?
	수진: 네, 그런데 비 때문에 좀 늦을 거예요.
12.	우리 16살짜리 아이는 요즘 운전을 배우기 시작했어요.
13.	철호: 10,000원만 빌려 주실래요?
	수진: 지난주에도 만원 빌려 줬잖아요?!
14.	수진: 머리 스타일이 너무 예뻐요! 어디서 했어요?
	미나: 엄마 친구가 잘라 주셨어요. 멋있지요?

Exercise 8: Vocabulary Drill

Here are a number of short sentences, each having a blank space. Express them in Korean —filling the blank each time with one of the expressions listed below the sentence.

1.	I’m glad that _____. a. my friend is coming b. my brother is getting married c. I’ve got a 약속 tomorrow d. it’s Sunday e. my mother isn’t busy now
2.	Manho has on ______. a. a necktie b. glasses c. new shoes d. his hat e. new clothes
3.	I walked ______. a. to the store b. in the park c. up to the third floor d. from the post office to the bank e. from home to school
4.	Manho wants to ______. a. brush his teeth b. get a haircut c. wash his face d. wash his hair e. shave
5.	Eric is trying on ______. a. some shoes b. his shirt c. gloves d. new clothes e. new glasses
6.	숙희_____ for me. a. looked after my children b. bought a hat c. waited two hours d. bought some tissues and towels e. posted the letter
7.	Sangho _____ for my parents. a. bought a watch b. went to the bank and got some money c. called a cab d. filled in the lodging form
8.	I’d like to _____. a. buy lots of hats b. sell my car c. go home now e. travel in Europe by train