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Lesson 16

늦어서 죄송합니다.

In this lesson we see Eric apologizing to his Korean teacher for being late to class and explaining the circumstances behind his tardiness. The lesson introduces ways to combine two or more sentences with -고 meaning and or and then, and the important ending in infinitive -아 ~ -어 plus 서 for causes and sequences. The lesson also introduces two ways to say about, and the new explanatory ending in -거든요.

Korean Dialogues

Dialogue 1

Eric has arrived late to his Korean class and is about to apologize to his teacher, Mr. Song, a graduate student at Korea University.

에릭	늦어서 죄송합니다.
송 선생	괜찮아요. 어서 들어와요.
	그런데，왜 늦었어요?
에릭	어젯밤에 술을 마시고 늦게 잤거든요.
	아침에 늦게 일어나서 버스를 놓쳤어요.
송 선생	날마다 술을 마셔요?
에릭	아니요，매일 마시지 않아요. 비싸고 건강에 나쁘거든요.
송 선생	숙제는요?
에릭	시간이 없어서 못 했어요. 죄송합니다，선생님.
송 선생	어제 숙제하지 않고 술만 마셨어요?
에릭	네，술집에 가서 한국친구들하고 정치에 대해서 이야기했거든요.
물론 한국말로요.
송 선생	학생들이 다 이렇게 게으르니까, 속상해서 죽겠어요!

Korean Text - A Monologue

나는 아침 8시에 일어납니다.

먼저 세수를 하고 아침을 먹습니다.

9시쯤 한국말을 배우러 학교에 갑니다.

한국말 수업이 끝나고 5시까지 도서관에서 공부합니다.

그런데 오늘은 토요일이라서 수업이 없습니다.

저녁에는 보통 한국 친구들을 만나서 술을 마시러 술집에 갑니다.

그 친구들은 영어를 잘 못하지만 언제나재미있게 놀고 이야기합니다.

요즘 그 친구들 덕분에 한국의 정치에 관해서도 많이 배우고 있습니다. 한국말 연습도 많이 하고요.

나는 지금은 한국말을 조금 밖에 못하지만, 빨리 잘 하고 싶습니다.

내일부터 열심히 공부하겠습니다.

Vocabulary

New Adverbs

거의	nearly, almost, well-nigh
거의 다 왔어요.	We’re almost there.
거의 다 했습니다.	I’m almost finished.
수영을 거의 매일 합니다.	I swim almost every day.
드디어	finally, at last
또한	moreover, furthermore, what’s more
의사이고 또한 교수예요.	She is a doctor and (what’s more) a professor.
돈도 있고 또한 머리가 좋아요.	He has money, and he’s also smart.
어서	right away, quickly (usually limited to commands and suggestions)
오래	for a long time
오래 기다리셨습니까?	Have you been waiting a long time?
오래간만에	after a long interval, for the first time in a long while
오래간만에 영화를 봤어요.	I saw a film for the first time in a long while.
오랫동안	for a long time
이리	this way, this direction, here
이리 오십시오.	Please come this way.
그리	so, to that extent, in that way
그리 어렵지 않아요.	It’s not so/that hard.
저리	that way, that direction, over there
저리 가요!	Go away!
하루 종일	all day long
New Nouns
갈비	ribs
김치	kimchee
미용실	beauty parlor; hairdresser’s
병원	hospital
빨래	laundry, dirty clothes
빨래(를) 하 -	wash laundry, do the laundry
욕조	bathtub
육교	a pedestrian overpass
컴퓨터	computer
-후	afterwards, later, later on
그 후에	afterwards, later, subsequently
New Verbal Nouns
Personal Grooming
머리(를) 하-	do one’s hair (used by women)
머리(를) 자르-	cut one’s hair, get one’s hair cut
머리(를) 깎-	cut one’s hair, get one’s hair cut
면도(를) 하-	shave
면도칼	razor blade
칼	knife
면도크림	shaving cream
면도기	electric shaver
목욕(을) 하-	have a bath
목욕탕	public bath; bathroom
세수(를) 하-	wash face
이발(을) 하-	get a haircut (usually used by males)
이발소	barbershop
이발사	barber
파마(를) 하-	get a perm
화장(을) 하-	put on one’s makeup
Using Words
강의(를) 하-	lecture, give a lecture
강의	lecture (in a regular series or part of a course)
강연	lecture (a special lecture)
말씀(을) 드리-	tell someone (humble for 말(을) 하)
설명(을) 하 -	explain, give an explanation
설명	explanation
선생님은 시험에 대해서 설명하셨습니다.
The teacher explained about the exam.
약속	an appointment; a promise
약속(을) 하-	make an appointment; promise
약속했지요?	You promised, right?
오후에 약속이 있습니다.	I have an appointment in the afternoon.
Other
식사(를) 하-	eat a meal
식사를 하셨습니까?	Have you eaten?
연습(을) 하-	practice, do exercises
연습	practice
운전(을) 하-	drive, operate a vehicle
위험하-	be dangerous
위험하니까, 천천히 가세요.	It’s dangerous, so please slow down.
준비	preparations
준비(를) 하-	prepare, make preparations
준비가 다 됐습니까?	Is everything ready?
New Verbs
Verbs That Take Objects
갈아타-	change (transport, lines, etc.)
시청에서 갈아타세요.	Change [buses/trains] at City Hall.
감-	wash (hair)
머리(를) 감았어요?	Did you wash your hair?
건너-	cross [the street]
자，길(을) 건넙시다.	OK, let’s cross the street.
나누-	share, divide
나눠서 먹읍시다.	Let’s share it [eat it together].
낳 -	give birth to; have (baby)
애기를 낳았어요.	She had a baby.
놓치 -	miss (bus, plane)
늦어서 기차를 놓쳤어요.	I was late, so I missed the train.
모으-	gather (it), collect
빌리-	borrow (use with 한테); rent (a car)
도서관에서 책을 빌렸어요.	I borrowed a book from the library.
만호 씨한테 돈을 빌렸어요.	I borrowed money from Manho.
LA에 가서 차를 빌릴 거예요.	We’re going to go to LA and rent a car.
씻 -	wash
손(을) 씻고 올게요.	I’ll just go and wash my hands.
어기-	break (a promise)
약속을 어겼어요.	He broke his promise.
약속을 잘 지켜요.	She’s good at keeping her promises.
지키-	keep (appointment/promise); abide by, stick to
Descriptive and/or Sensory Verbs
게으르-	be lazy
귀찮-	be a pain in the neck, be a nuisance, be annoying
기쁘-	be happy, content
뜨거w-	be hot to the touch
뚱뚱하-	be fat, chubby
마르-	dry up; be/get dry
목(이) 마르-	be thirsty, feel thirsty
목	throat
배가 고파서 죽겠어요.	I’m starving, (lit.: I’m so hungry I could die.)
부지런하-	be hard-working, diligent
속(이) 상하-	be distressing; feel distressed
슬프-	feel sad, sorrowful
시원하-	be refreshing, reviving; fresh, cool; feel relieved
차가w-	be cold to the touch
Intransitive Verbs (Processive Verbs That Cannot Take Objects)
막히-	get/be blocked, congested
길이 많이 막혔어요.	The roads are really congested [with traffic].
우-ᄅ-	cry, weep
웃-	smile; laugh

Lesson Notes

16.1. Verbs: The -고 Form

16.1.1. How to Make -고 Forms

The -고 form is a one-shape ending like -지 or -겠-; it is the same regardless of whether it comes after a vowel or a consonant. You have already learned it in part when we covered the -고 싶어요 (wants to do) construction (Lesson Nine).

As seen in Lesson Nine, one-shape endings that begin with voiceless consonants (ᄃ，ᄌ，ㅅ，ᄀ) are all attached to bases in much the same way, so that the -고 form is formed very much like the -지 form.

주의

Here are some rules to help you with the pronunciation of gerunds:

a.	Consonant-base verbs like 들- that end in ᄅ change the final consonant to ᄃ before another consonant, and the ᄃ is pronounced as〔ᄀ〕before ᄀ or〔ㅅ〕before ㅅ.
	들-，듣다 listen	→	듣고 〔드꼬〕;듣지〔드찌〕
b.	Bases that end in ㅅ, ᄍ, ㅅ, or ᄎ change their final consonants to an interim ᄃ.
	벗- removes	→	벗고 (→ 벋고) 〔버꼬〕
	있- there is	→	있고 (→ 읻고) 〔이꼬〕
	찾- seek	→	찾고 (→ 찯고) 〔차꼬〕
	Naturally, this includes all past-tense gerunds:
	-었고 (→ -얻고)〔-어꼬〕
c.	Consonant bases like 구w- broil that end in w change the w to ᆸ before another consonant:
	가까w- be near	→	가깝고 〔가깝꼬〕
	(가까워요)	→	가깝지 〔가깝찌〕
d.	For bases that end with more than one consonant (other than ㄶ and ᆰ — see Rule f below) you pronounce only one of the consonants when you attach an ending that starts with a consonant.
	없- there isn’t	→	없고 (→ 업-고) 〔업꼬〕
	읽- read	→	읽고 (→ 일-고) 〔일꼬〕
			or (→ 익-고) 〔이꼬〕
e.	Bases that end in ᄆ (including ᆱ), ᄂ, (including ㄵ ), and an ᄅ that is a reduction of a cluster (like ᆰ in read above) double a following voiceless consonant.
	신- wear on feet	→	신고 〔신꼬〕
	앉- sit	→	앉고 (→ 안-고) 〔안꼬〕
	젊- be young	→	젊고 (→ 점-고) 〔점꼬〕
f.	Notice how final - 궁 aspirates the following ᆨ in examples like these:
	좋- be good	→	좋고 〔조코〕
	많- be much	→	많고 〔만코〕
	싫- be disliked	→	싫고 〔실코〕
	낳- give birth to	→	낳고 〔나코〕
g.	The ending -고， like -지，is attached to the EXTENDED bases of L-extending vowel verbs.
	파-ᆯ- sell	→	팔고

There are tenseless (plain) -고 forms, made by attaching the ending -고 to the plain base of the verb (가- go: 가고), and past-tense 一고 forms, made by attaching -고 to the past base.

Plain Base	가-	go
Past Base	갔-
Past-고 form:	갔고〔가꼬〕	went and . . .

In actual speech, however, past base plus -고 forms are uncommon; they appear only in the first usage described in section 16.2 in the meaning . . . and . . .to anticipate a past-tense verb at the end of the sentence; even here, they are used only in long sentences and could still be replaced, just as correctly, by a plain base plus -고.

You can add -고 to an honorific base in -(으)시-.

Plain Base	가-	go
Honorific Base	가시-
Honorific -고 form	가시고	[someone esteemed] goes, and

In the past tense, you add -고 to the past honorific base:

Plain Base:	가-	go
Honorific Past base:	가셨-
Honorific Past -고 form:	가셨고 〔가셔꼬〕	[someone esteemed] went, and

16.1.2. The Meaning of -고 Forms

The Korean -고 form is used for joining sentences, and can take on two meanings.

a. does or is [so-and-so], and . . . [i.e., and also]

b. having done or been [so-and-so], and . . . [i.e., and then]

16.1.3. Uses of the -고 Form: And

A - 고 form is a way of breaking a sentence into parts and linking the parts with and. The implication may be that the separate actions happen more or less alongside each other [. . . and also], as in:

1.	나한테는 책을 줬고，어머니한테는 꽃을 드렸어요. He gave me a book and gave my mother some flowers.
You could also do this sentence without the past base in the first clause.
2.	나한테는 책을 주고, 어머니한테는 꽃을 드렸어요. He gave me a book and gave my mother some flowers.
Or it may imply that one action happens necessarily in sequence after/later than the other [. . . and then], as in:
3.	나는 세수하고 면도했어요. I got washed up and (then) shaved.
4.	옷을 입고 머리를 빗어요. I get dressed and (after that) comb my hair.

When a -고 form is used in the middle of a sentence we have a situation that is common in Korean: a word or phrase that is a compact unit in Korean corresponds to things that in English may be separated from each other. For example, a noun with the particle 도 must be pronounced as a unit—나도 I, too—though the English equivalent may place these parts at opposite ends of the sentence: I [do so-and-so], too. Another example is the -지만 construction you have learned: 가지만 goes, but. . . , for example, is an indivisible unit in Korean that may however be translated in widely separated English equivalents: He goes to the movies every evening in the week, but . . .

The same is true of Korean -고 forms, and as you will see, it is true also of nearly every other Korean verb form that is used in the middle of sentences.

주의!

The -고 form has no tense of its own.

The -고 form gets its tense meaning from the next verb in the sentence that carries any tense—usually the verb at the end of the sentence.

5.	A.	어제 뭘 했어요? What did you do yesterday?
	B.	아침을 먹고 학교에 갔어요. I ate breakfast, and [then] went to school.
6.	A.	언제 학교에 가요? When do you go to school?
	B.	날마다 아침을 먹고 학교에 가요. Every day I eat breakfast, and [then] go to school.

In a similar way, a final command or suggestion usually carries through onto any preceding -고 forms.

7.	아침을 먹고 학교에 갑시다! Let’s eat our breakfast and [then] go to school!

16.1.4. Negative - 고 Forms

To make a - 고 form negative, you attach the -고 ending to the negative verb (or you just use the short negation pattern with 안).

사고	buys, and . . .	사지	않고	or	안 사고	doesn’t buy, and . . .
		사지	못 하고	or	못 사고	can’t buy, and . . .
팔고	sells, and . . .	팔지	않고	or	안 팔고	doesn’t sell, and . . .
		팔지	못 하고	or	못 팔고	can’t sell, and . . .
많고	many, and . . .	많지	않고	or	안 많고	aren’t many, and . . .

Since the copula does not normally take the long negation pattern, we find only:

내 책이고	내 책이 아니고
It is my book, and . . .	It is not my book and (nor) . . .

주의!

Negative -고 forms in this use have flexible English equivalents and tend to translate as instead of . . . ing, or without . . . ing.

8.	공부하지 않고 잡지를 읽었어요.
	I didn’t study — (but) I read a magazine instead.	or:
	Instead of studying, I read a magazine.	or:
	I read a magazine without doing my studying.
If the final verb is a command or proposition, you use -고 on the auxiliary 말아요 desists.
9.	사지 말고, 파세요! Don’t buy; (instead) sell!
10.	팔지 말고, 삽시다! Let’s not sell; [instead] let’s buy!
11.	책만 읽지 말고, 운동을 좀 하세요. Don’t just read—do some exercise!

Here are more sentences showing the usage of -고 forms.

12.	저녁에는 책을 읽고 자요. In the evenings, I read books and then go to sleep.
13.	언니는 머리를 감고 나갔어요. My older sister washed her hair and went out.
14.	술을 마시고 운전하지 마세요. 위험하거든요. Don’t drink and drive—it’s dangerous.
15.	선생님은 연구실에 계시고, 학생은 교실에 있어요. The teacher is in her office and the students are in the classroom.
16.	옷도 없고, 돈도 없어요. I have no clothes and no money.
17.	나는 어제 나가지 않고 하루 종일 집에 있었어요. Instead of going out yesterday I stayed home all day.

16.2. Verbs: More on the Infinitive Form -어 ~ -아

As seen in Lesson Seven, Korean infinitives are obtained by removing the polite particle 요 from the polite-style present tense form (i.e., from the 해요 form). In that lesson we went through the way in which the infinitive is formed for each of the different types of Korean verb bases. If you have any doubts or are unclear about the formation of the infinitive from a certain kind of verb base, then you should go back and review Lesson Seven. We are going to learn many new patterns based on the infinitive, so it is important that you understand it clearly. We now look at some further types of infinitive we have not yet studied explicitly.

The past infinitive is also formed by dropping the 요.

Past Polite	Past Infinitive
기다렸어요	waited	기다렸어
먹었어요	ate	먹었어
왔어요	came	왔어
Past Honorific Polite	Past Honorific Infinitive
하셨어요	[sb esteemed] did	하셨어
들으셨어요	[sb esteemed] listened	들으셨어
파셨어요	[sb esteemed] sold	파셨어

From honorific polite present-tense forms (하세요), to find the honorific infinitive, you change ㅔ to ㅕ (하세 → 하셔). To put it another way, you add the infinitive vowel -어 to the honorific base (하시- + -어 → 하셔) .

Honorific Present Polite	Honorific Infinitive
앉으세요	[sb esteemed] sits	앉으셔
하세요	[sb esteemed] does	하셔
읽으세요	[sb esteemed] reads	읽으셔

16.2.1. Uses of the Infinitive I: Review of Polite Style

POLITE-STYLE verb forms, those forms you use at the end of your sentences when speaking with someone you are on polite-style terms with, are based on the infinitive. The present-tense polite style is the plain infinitive with 요 added to it (해요). The past-tense polite style is the past infinitive plus 요 (했어요). This much you know already.

16.2.2. Uses of the Infinitive II: with the Particle 서

16.2.2.1. Two Kinds of 서

Observe the following sentences.

18.	백화점에 가서 신을 살까요? Shall we go to the department store and buy some shoes?
19.	늦어서 택시를 타고 갈래요. It’s late, so I think I’ll go by taxi.

In the middle of a sentence, the particle 서 after an infinitive (or sometimes an infinitive all by itself, with no 서) can have two different meanings:

I.	Cause and Result Usually, it has the general meaning so. The first half, ending with -어서, gives a cause, and the second half gives a result.
	CAUSE:	돈이 없어서 . . .	I have no money , so . . .
	RESULT:	. . . 가지 못 하겠어요.	. . . I won’t be able to go.
II.	Sequence The 서 can take on a meaning of so as to . . . or [did], and then . . . —a purpose-and-result flavor that emphasizes a tight link in the sequence of events, usually with verbs of direction like 가- go and 오- come.
	PURPOSE:	상점에 가서 . . .	I went to the store . . .
	RESULT:	. . . 담배를 샀어요 .	. . . (so as) to get some cigarettes.
	It is usually the case that when using the construction with this meaning the subject of the first and second clauses will be the same. It is certainly advisable for you to stick to that as a rule for your own use.

주의!

This purpose-result situation is most often expressed in colloquial English by and: I went to the store and got some cigarettes. But this and is different from the kind of and linkage expressed by a Korean -고 form: the -고 form means . . . and (then afterwards) or . . . and (also, in addition).

The difference between the constructions with -고 and those with -어서 can be seen in part from the following two examples.

20.	술을 마시고 늦게 잤어요. Having had a drink, I went to bed late, or I had a drink and then went to bed late.
21.	술을 마셔서 늦게 잤어요. I went to bed late because (or since) I had (had) a drink.
Here again we are faced with a unified Korean construction that corresponds to a separate English construction: sometimes the so or and is separated from the verb only by a slight pause, and sometimes a number of words may intervene.
22.	날마다 가게에 가서 담배를 사요. I go to the store every day and buy some cigarettes.
23.	늦어서 택시로 갔어요. It was late, so I went by taxi.

Note that in example (23) above, the verb 늦- be late has no tense of its own. In this respect, infinitive + 서 is like the pattern in -고: it has no inherent tense of its own, and speakers must infer the tense from the verb at the end of the sentence or else from time adverbs or context.

주의

The pattern in -어서 ~ -아서 is not compatible with past or future bases— forms like 갔어서，먹겠어서, and such are not possible. Instead, verb forms in this pattern rely on the verb at the end of the sentence for their tense.

16.2.2.2. -어서 좋아요 l’m glad that . . . ; Good thing that . . .

There is a special English translation when -어서 is followed by 좋아요 in the second half of the sentence. Such sentences, which mean literally [so-and-so happens], so it’s good, are generally rendered by some such English pattern as I’m glad (that) . . . or It’s a good thing (that) . . . For example:

24.	새 신을 사서 좋아요. I’m glad I bought new shoes.
25.	아들을 낳아서 좋아요. I’m glad we had a son.
26.	수진 씨가 와서 좋아요. It’s nice that Sujin is here or I’m glad Sujin came.
27.	수진 씨가 와서 나는 좋아요. I’m glad Sujin is here. [= Sujin came, so, as for me, it’s good.]
Now observe these examples.
28.	학교에 와서 강연을 하셨어요. He came to school and gave a lecture.
29.	넥타이를 하나 사서 김 선생님께 드렸어요. I bought a tie and gave it to Mr. Kim.

In the 서 constructions in these sentences, you cannot use a past-tense infinitive; if the verb at the end of the sentence is past, the infinitive also usually carries a past-tense meaning.

16.2.2.3. -(이)라서 Copula + 서

The copula infinitive has a variant form -이라 that exists alongside the regular form in -이어. Colloquial Korean prefers to attach the 서 form to this variant. Thus, - (이)라서 is more common in colloquial Korean than the more predictable -이어서 (which is also acceptable, but less common in spoken language) For example:

30.	오늘이 일요일이라서 기차에 사람이 많아요. The train is crowded because it is Sunday.
Here are some more examples of infinitives with 서 in sentences.
31.	날마다 목욕탕에 가서 목욕을 해요. He goes to the public bath every day and bathes.
32.	너무 많이 먹어서 배가 부릅니다. I ate so much [that] I’m full.
33.	안 비싸서 좋아요. I’m glad it’s not expensive.
34.	시간이 없어서 준비를 못 했어요. I couldn’t prepare—I didn’t have time. [There wasn’t time, so . . .]
35.	영화가 너무 슬퍼서 끝까지 못 봤어요. The movie was so sad I couldn’t watch it to the end.
36.	배가 별로 안 고프니까，1인분만 시켜서 나눠서 먹읍시다. I’m not particularly hungry, so let’s order one serving and share [“share and eat”] it.
37.	꽃을 주셔서 감사합니다. Thank you for the flowers. [= You gave me flowers, so thank you.]
38.	버스가 늦어서 비행기를 놓쳤어요. The bus was late, so I missed the airplane.
39.	집에 와서 빨래를 했어요. I came home and did the laundry.

주의!

Another way to say go to do something, you will recall, is to use the infinitive followed by -(으)러.

물건을 사러 상점에 갔어요

went to the store (with the purpose) to buy things.

Compare:

상점에 가서 물건을 샀어요

went to the store and bought things = went to the store to buy things.

The first expression does not tell you whether the mission was actually accomplished. The expression 가서 사요 emphasizes the buying, the expression 사러 가요 emphasizes the going.

16.2.2.4. The Difference Between -어서 and -(으)니까

You have already learned another ending that can express both a reason or a kind of sequence, namely -(으)니까. How, then, are -어서 and -(으)니까 different? The difference can be summarized as follows.

-어서

Clause A -어서, Clause B

Related sequence, i.e., Clause B after Clause A and with some relation to it.

As a logical formulation, -어서 is assertion of cause.

-(으)니까

Clause A -(으)니까，Clause B

Discovery, i.e., When Clause A, one finds that Clause B.

As a logical formulation, -으니까 is argumentation.

Clauses in -(으)니까 also tend to have a more friendly, less coldly rational feel to them, and have the effect of involving one’s interlocutor more intimately in the event or argumentation being discussed. Here are some sentences contrasting these two endings:

40.	봄이 됐으니까，꽃이 피고 있어요. The flowers are blooming because it’s spring, i.e., Now that spring has come, the flowers are blooming, or The flowers are blooming—no wonder, it’s spring.
41.	봄이 돼서，꽃이 피고 있어요. The flowers are blooming because it’s spring, i.e., Spring has come and so the flowers are blooming, or Spring is making the flowers bloom.
42.	A.	왜 이렇게 늦었어요? Why are you so late?
	B.	버스가 안 와서 늦었어요.
	B’.	*버스가 안 왔으니까 늦었어요. I’m late because the bus didn’t come

The answer in B’ is inappropriate, because it assumes that A knew that the bus hadn’t come.

16.3. Unfinished Sentences and Afterthoughts with -서요 and -고요

43.	시간이 없어서 못 했어요. 머리도 아프고요. I couldn’t do it because I didn’t have time. And I had a headache, too.
Koreans, like other people, don’t always think ahead and organize what they are going to say. Most of the sentences in this book are well organized and constructed as if they had been well planned in advance; the verb, for example, always comes at the end. But in unguarded speech, people will often blurt out the verb (or some larger part of the sentence), and then—as an afterthought—add one or more of the phrases that they should have put in earlier.
44.	벌써 오셨어요? 손님들이요. Are they already here—the guests?
As you have learned, a sentence whose final verb is turned into a -고 form and . . . is normally put before some other sentence it joins to make a compound sentence. But as an afterthought you can add the -고 form after you have said the other sentence. The afterthought sentence will have the normal intonation (statement, question, command, etc.) you would expect of it if it were an ordinary sentence, and if you are talking in the Polite Style you will add the polite particle 요. Examples with 서요 are often unfinished sentences, more of a lazy way to get around saying a whole sentence. Here are some more examples of afterthoughts and unfinished sentences.
45.	표는 어디서 사요? 또, 값은 얼마고요? Where do we buy the tickets? And how much are they?
46.	비빔밥은 이리 주세요. 냉면은 저리 드리시고요. The pibimpap here, please, [waiter]—and the naengmyǒn there, please.
47.	가서 주무세요. 기다리지 마시고요. Go to bed; don’t wait up.
48.	이것은 수진 씨 모자이고, 저것은 수진 씨 책이고요. This is your hat, [Sujin] and that is your book.
49.	A.	빨리 가고 싶어요. I want to go right away .
	B.	왜요? Why?
	A.	배가 너무 고파서요. Because I’m so hungry.
50.	A.	김치는 왜 안 먹지요? Why aren’t you eating any kimchee?
	B.	너무 매워서요. Because it’s too spicy.
51.	A.	사과를 왜 안 사왔어요? Why didn’t you buy (and bring) the apples?
	B.	너무 바빠서요. Because I was too busy.

16.4. Descriptive Verb + -어서 죽겠어요 : so . . . I could die

You can use the infinitive plus 서 pattern in combination with a descriptive verb (usually one describing a mental state or physical sensation) and 죽겠어요 I think I’m going to die to create a lively, colloquial pattern meaning: I feel so . . . I could die or I’m incredibly . . . , and so on. Here are some examples.

52.	배가 고파서 죽겠어요. I’m starving [“so hungry I could die”].
53.	머리가 아파서 죽겠어요. I have an incredible headache.
54.	어머니가 보고 싶어서 죽겠어요. I miss my mother terribly.
55.	기분이 나빠서 죽겠어요. I’m in a foul mood.

16.5. NOUN-에 대해서, NOUN-에 관해서: about, concerning

The postpositional phrase -에 대해서 means about, with respect to, concerning, etc. The postpositional phrase -에 관해서 means the same thing, but is somewhat more formal and bookish. Here are some examples.

56.	만호 씨는 컴퓨터에 대해서 많이 알고 있어요. Manho knows a lot about computers.
57.	영국 사람들은 언제나 날씨에 대해서 이야기를 합니다. English people always talk about the weather.
58.	어제 문 박사님은 한국 경제에 관해서 강연을 하셨습니다. Yesterday Dr. Moon gave a lecture about the Korean economy.

16.6. -거든요: . . . , you see?

The verb ending in -거든요 is a one-shape ending and can occur with any base, though usually you will encounter it on Plain and Past bases more than on Future bases. L-extending bases appear in their extended form before this ending: 사-ᄅ- → 살거든요.

The ending in - 거든요 is used to offer a kind of follow-up explanation to what has just been said (or implied). A literal translation of its effect might be: I hasten to give you an explanation or rationale for what I just said (or implied) in perhaps too crude, obscure or blunt a fashion. In other words, the ending in - 거든요 also functions as a sort of politeness strategy or “grease on the skids” to keep conversational exchanges moving. It performs the latter function by inviting a response (notice that is usually has a rising, question-like intonation)—usually just an understanding 네 or a nod—from the person you are talking to. Often the only crude way to approximate the flavor of this ending in English is with the tag . . . you see? Here are some examples:

59.	나는 김치를 못 먹어요. 너무 맵거든요. I can’t eat kimchee. It’s too hot.
60.	머리가 아파서 죽겠어요. 어젯밤 술을 너무 많이 마셨거든요. I have an incredible headache. Last night I drank too much.
61.	요즘 연 선생님은 아주 기분이 좋으세요. 지난달에 아들을 낳았거든요. Mr. Yŏn is in a really good mood lately. Last month they gave birth to a son.
62.	내일 다시 오세요. 준비가 아직 안 됐거든요. Please come again tomorrow. It’s not ready yet.

Exercises

Exercise 1: Using -고

Each of the following items contains two sentences connected with 그리고 and. Combine these into a single sentence by using -고, and then translate. For example, the first will be: 진섭 씨는 한국 사람이고 에릭 씨는 영국사람이에요. Chinsǒp is Korean, and Eric is English.

1.	진섭 씨는 한국 사람이에요. 그리고 에릭 씨는 영국 사람이에요.
2.	1사람은 도서관에 갔어요. 그리고 또 1사람은 기숙사에 돌아갔어요.
3.	아침에 일어나서 먼저 세수를 해요. 그리고 머리를 감아요.
4.	옷을 입어요. 그리고 아침을 먹지요.
5.	식사 후 이를 닦아요. 그리고 버스 정류장으로 나가요.
6.	학교에 와서 도서관에서 숙제를 마쳐요. 그리고 수업에 들어가요.
7.	오후에는 피아노를 연습해요. 그리고 운동장에 나가요.
8.	옷을 갈아입어요. 그리고 운동을 좀 하지요.
9.	저녁에는 집에 와서 쉬어요. 그리고 부엌에서저녁 식사를 준비해요.
10.	공부를 조금 더 해요. 그리고 자요.
11.	나는 이발소에 가요. 그리고 그분은 목욕탕에 가요.
12.	나는 면도를 했어요. 그리고 우리 집사람은 화장을 했어요.
13.	이것은 싸요. 그리고 저것은 비싸요.
14.	비행기는 빨라요. 그리고 자전거는 빠르지 않아요.
15.	중국 음식은 싸요. 그리고 맛이 있어요.
16.	여름에는 더워요. 그리고 비가 많이 와요.
17.	겨울에는 추워요. 그리고 눈이 많이 와요.

Exercise 2: Using -고 with Long Negatives

Each of the following items contains two sentences. Combine these into a single sentence by using -지 않고 so that it means didn’t do this—did that instead. For example, the first will be: 나는 공부하지 않고，부엌을 청소했어요. I didn’t study—I cleaned the kitchen instead.

1.	나는 공부하지 않았어요. 부엌을 청소했어요.
2.	나는 이발소에 가지 않았어요. 목욕탕에 갔어요.
3.	나는 수진 씨를 만나지 않을 거예요. 그 동생을 만날 거예요.
4.	우리 아들이 밖에 나가지 않아요. 집에서 책만 읽어요.
5.	우리는 여기서 살지 않아요. 우체국 옆에 살아요.
6.	우리는 버스를 서울역에서 갈아타지 않았어요. 시청에서 갈아탔어요.
7.	숙제를 하지 않을래요. 커피숍에 갈래요.
8.	이 옷을 입지 않을래요. 다른 옷으로 갈아입을래요.
9.	텔레비전를 보지 않을래요. 피아노 연습을 할래요.
10.	지하철을 타지 않아요. 걸어왔습니다.

Exercise 3: Using -고 with Negative Commands

Each of the following items contains two commands, the first a prohibition. Combine these into a single sentence by using -지 말고 so that it means “Don’t do this—do that instead.” For example, the first will be: 자지 말고 공부나 해요. “Don’t go to sleep—study or something instead.”

1.	자지 마세요, 공부나 하세요.
2.	그냥 놀지 마세요. 일 좀 하세요.
3.	내일 가지 마세요. 오늘 가세요.
4.	공부하지 마세요. 주무세요.
5.	식사를 하지 마세요. 그냥 가세요.
6.	일만 하지 마세요. 좀 쉬세요.
7.	옷을 벗지 마세요. 입으세요.
8.	아직 가지 마세요. 나하고 같이 좀 더 있어요.
9.	도서관에 가지 마세요. 술집에 가서 술이나 마십시다.
10.	지하철을 타지 마세요. 택시로 오세요.
11.	혼자만 먹지 마세요. 나눠서 먹읍시다.
12.	걸어가지 마세요. 지하철로 갑시다.
13.	나한테 물어보지 마세요. 선생님한테 물어보세요.

Exercise 4: Fill in the Blank

In this exercise, fill in the blank with an appropriate -어서 form. E.g.: 늦어서 미안합니다, and then translate: Sorry I’m late. (Remember—어서 ~ -아서 is compatible only with plain bases!)

1.	기분이 노래를 부릅니다.
2.	시간이 택시를 탔습니다.
3.	책을 많이 눈이 아픕니다.
4.	오래간만에 친구를 기분이 좋습니다.
5.	공부를 많이 피곤합니다.
6.	술을 많이 배가 아픕니다.
7.	하루 종일 피곤합니다.
8.	비가 야구를 못 했습니다.
9.	미안합니다.
10.	기분이 좋습니다.
11.	반갑습니다.
12.	점심을 못 배가 고파요.
13.	영화가 너무 ,끝까지 못 봤어요.
14.	사과는 이것만 있으니깐, 먹읍시다.

Exercise 5: Using Infinitive + 서

Each of the following items contains two sentences. Connect them into a single sentence by using -서, and then translate. (Remember— -어서 ~ -아서 is not compatible with past or future bases!) For example, the first will be: 편지를 써서 우체국에 갔습니다. I wrote a letter and then went to the post office.

1.	편지를 썼습니다. 우체국에 갔습니다.
2.	집을 팔았습니다. 미국에 갔습니다.
3.	도서관에 가겠습니다. 친구를 찾겠습니다.
4.	들어가세요. 선생님께 여쭤 보세요.
5.	나오세요. 잠깐 기다리세요.
6.	공원에 가시지요. 운동을 하시지요.
7.	밖에 나가세요. 담배를 피우세요.
8.	일어나세요. 아침을 잡수세요.
9.	여기 앉으세요. 기다리세요.
10.	일어나세요. 노래를 부르세요.
11.	누우세요. 좀 쉬세요.
12.	선생님을 만나요. 말씀 드리지요.
13.	머리가 아파요. 죽겠어요.
14.	더워요. 죽겠어요.
15.	피곤해요. 죽겠어요.
16.	배가 고파요. 죽겠어요.
17.	어제 우리집 개가 죽었어요. 좀 슬프지요.

Exercise 6: Using -거든요

Each of the following items contains two sentences. Change the verb in the second sentence to the -거든요 ending, and then translate.

1.	어제 하나도 못 잤어요. 언니하고 밤늦게까지 남자들에 대해서 이야기했어요.
2.	배가 고파서 죽겠어요. 점심을 못 먹고 왔어요.
3.	빨리 오세요. 준비가 다 됐어요.
4.	교수님은 지금 안 계십니다. 강의를 하러 들어가셨어요.
5.	요즘 너무 바빠서 죽겠어요. 지난주에 개학을 했어요.
6.	다음 주에 못 가겠어요. 우리 할아버님이 돌아가셨어요.
7.	손이 아파서 죽겠어요. 어제 다쳤어요.
8.	일요일은 안 되겠어요. 그날 친척이 와요.
9.	나는 바다에 가지 않고，산에 갈래요. 수영을 못 해요.
10.	손이 차갑지요? 밖이 추워요.
11.	걱정하지 마세요. 시간이 아직 있어요.
12.	거기 가지 마세요. 위험해요.
13.	기다리지 마세요. 아직 멀었어요.
14.	못 먹겠습니다. 방금 뭘 많이 먹고 왔어요.
15.	요즘 매일 수영을 해요. 수영장이 우리 집에서 가까워요.

Exercise 7: English to Korean Translation

Translate the following English sentences into Korean.
1.	Yesterday I went to the market and bought apples.
2.	This morning I went to the department store and bought a present for my mother.
3.	My father knows a lot about cars.
4.	I’m glad my younger brother came yesterday.
5.	Last Tuesday I went downtown and watched a movie.
6.	Yesterday my friend came to our house and ate supper with us.
7.	How about going to a coffee shop and having a cup of coffee?
8.	I’m glad I drove for the first time in a long while.
9.	Lately I’m learning a lot about Korean politics.
10.	I feel good now that I’ve shaved.
11.	My hand and arm hurt, so I won’t be able to play tennis with you.
12.	I shaved and washed my face, so I feel refreshed now.
13.	Let’s do the preparations first and then rest.
14.	Our house is near [from] the bookstore.
15.	A. I can’t solve this problem.
	B. Then tell Professor Kim.
16.	Let’s ask the teacher about the exam.
17.	I’ll go home quickly now and prepare our meal [Immediate Future].
18.	That professor lectures very well, so many people come.
19.	Don’t get off here—change at the next station instead.