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Lesson 18

자동차는 어디서 빌릴 수 있습니까?

In this lesson we observe Eric discussing his health problems with his Korean teacher, and we watch Chris Murphy go through the procedure of renting a car at the hotel on Cheju Island. This lesson introduces some more new patterns built on the infinitive in -어 ~ -아, including the pattern for have to~ought to in -어 ~ -아야 돼요 and that for even though in -어 ~ -아도. These patterns are useful for expressing obligation and for asking and giving permission. The lesson also introduces another infinitive-based pattern, that in -어 + 지- for get/become . . . Finally, the lesson introduces can do and cannot do in -(으)ᄅ 수 있어요/없어요, the somewhat bookish conjunction (and) in -(으)며 and NOUN (을) 통해(서) through (the agency of) NOUN.

Korean Dialogues

Dialogue 1

Eric is complaining about his health to his Korean teacher, Mr. Song.

에릭	요즘 술을 너무 마셔서 건강이 나빠졌어요. 날마다 술을 먹고, 늦게 일어나서 아침을 못 먹거든요.
송 선생	아무리 술을 마셔도 아침을 꼭 먹어야지요. 그리고 잠도 제대로 자야 돼요.
에릭	선생님, 오늘 좀 일찍 집에 가도 괜찮아요?
송 선생	그래요. 그리고 학교 병원에 한번 들러 봐요.
에릭	가고 싶어도 오늘은 돈이 없어서 갈 수 없어 요.
송 선생	그럼, 병원에는 가지 못해도, 약국에나 가서 약을 좀 사서 먹어요 .

Dialogue 2

Chris Murphy wants to rent a car for the duration of their stay on Cheju Island. He goes to the front desk to ask about the procedure.

크리스	자동차는 어디서 빌릴 수 있습니까?
아가씨	저희가 해 드릴 수 있습니다. 설명서는 여기 있습니다.(Chris looks over the brochure)
크리스	여기에 마일 수도 포함돼 있습니까?
아가씨	마일 수는 포함 돼 있지만 휘발유 값이랑 보험료는 따로 내셔야 합니다.
크리스	보증금도 내야 합니까?
아가씨	저희 호텔을 통해서 빌리시니까, 보증금은 안 내셔도 됩니다. 운전면허증만 보여 주세 요. 그러면 제가 서류를 다 준비해 드리지요.
크리스	감사합니다.

Reading Passage

한국말은 어렵기 때문에 하루에 적어도 3시간씩은 공부해야 하며 매일 공부해야 합니다. 한국 사람은 한국어 문법을 따로 공부하지 않아도 문법을 자연스럽게 이해하며 자연스럽게 이야기할 수 있지만 외국 사람은 문법을 제대로 알아야 한국말을 잘 배울 수 있습니다. 처음에는 사전을 보지 않아도 괜찮지만 단어를 많이 외워야 합니다. 어떤 사람은 문법은 잘 알아도 단어를 많이 모르기 때문에 말을 잘하지 못합니다. 그리고 물론, 한국 사람들하고 자주 어울려야, 한국말 연습이 되며 텔레비젼을 통해서도 많이 배울 수 있으니 텔레비젼도 자주 보십시오.

그렇게 해야, 한국말 공부하기가 재미있어집니다. 한국말이 좀 어려워도 열심히 공부하십시오.

Reading Passage Notes
어떤 사람	some people. The word 어떤 means which? what kind of? But like other question words in Korean, 어떤 can also function as an indefinite. Hence the meaning some . . . , [a] certain . . .
그래야	[The literal meaning is: only if you do so, only if you do it that way; only then.] This form is from the base 그러 -，그래요, about which you will learn more in Lesson Twenty-two.

Vocabulary

Adverbs
당장	immediately, straight away, on the spot
지금 당장	immediately, right now
따로	separately
따로따로	[each] separately
점심값은 따로따로 냅시다.	Let’s pay separately for lunch.
몹시	very, awfully
오늘은 몹시 무더워요.	Today is extremely hot and muggy.
아무리 〔. . .-어도〕	however much [one VERBs]; at the very [(ADJ- est)]
유창하게	fluently
자연스럽게	naturally
점점	gradually, little by little, by degrees
점점 나아지고 있습니다.	I’m gradually getting better.
제대로	as it should/ought be done, properly, in proper fashion
숙박부에 제대로 기입을 안 했기 때문에 다시 써야 했습니다. Because I didn’t fill in the lodging form correctly, I had to write it again.
즐겁게	enjoyably, happily
Nouns
School and Language Learning
-과	lesson
제1과	Lesson One
제2과	Lesson Two
제3과	Lesson Three (etc.)
-과	department
무슨 과에 다니세요?	Which department are you in?
과장 (님)	head of dept., department chairman
단어	word; vocabulary item
동창	classmate, graduate of same school
동기 동창	classmate (graduate of same school, same year)
동창회	alumni society; club for graduates of same school
문법〔-뻡〕	grammar
사전	dictionary
한영사전	Korean-English dictionary
영한사전	English-Korean dictionary
사전에서 찾아보세요.	Look it up in the dictionary.
동양	East Asia
동양학	East Asian Studies
동양학과	Department of East Asian Studies
서양	the West, Western countries; Western (as modifier)
선배	senior from school
후배	junior from school
한자〔한짜〕	Chinese character
한자어〔한짜어〕	Chinese character word
Cars, Driving and Travel
거리	street
길거리〔-꺼리〕	main road, thoroughfare
공항	airport
휘발유〔-발류〕	gasoline, petrol
기름	oil; gasoline, petrol (more colloquial than 휘발유)
기름(을) 넣-	get gas, put in gas
차에 기름을 넣어야 돼요.	I need to put gas in the car.
마일	mile
마일수〔-쑤〕	mileage (lit.: number of miles)
면허증〔-쯩〕	license, certificate
운전면허증	driver’s license
보증금	deposit
보험	insurance
보험료〔-뇨〕	insurance fee, insurance charge
보험(을) 드-ᄅ-	take out insurance, insure
서류	document
설명서	brochure, pamphlet, piece of explanatory literature
주유소	gas station
택시요금	taxi fare
Other
기타	guitar
기타(를) 치-	play the guitar
모임	gathering, meeting
내일 모임에 못 가겠어요.	I won’t be able to go to tomorrow’s meeting.
몸	body
소용	use; utility, usefulness
소용(이) 없-	be useless
약국	pharmacy, drugstore
약사	pharmacist, chemist
오해	misunderstanding
오해(를) 하-	misunderstand something
오해하지 마세요.	Please don’t misunderstand/take it wrong.
이해	understanding
이해(를) 하-	understand something
이해(가) 가-	one understands it; it is understandable
이해가 안 가요.	I just don’t get it.
자리	seat, place
제-	ordinalizer (makes ordinals like “first,” “second,” etc., for Sino-Korean numbers
하느님 (Catholic), 하나님 (Protestant)	God
하늘	heaven; sky
Verbs
Verbs That Take Obiects
결정	decision
결정(을) 하-	decide it
그만하-	quit, stop doing it
그만해요!	Stop it!
그만두-	quit, stop doing it
아직도 골프를 배우세요?	Are you still learning golf?
아니요，그만뒀어요.	No. I stopped.
때리-	hit, strike, beat
바꾸-	(ex)change it, trade it
이것을 새 것으로 바꿉시다.	Let’s exchange this for a new one.
자리를 바꿉시다.	Let’s trade seats.
뵈w-	humbly see or meet; have an audience/interview with. Note that the spelling of this verb is irregular: 봬도 or 뵈어도 for expected *뵈워도，뵐 for expected 뵈울， etc.
처음 뵙겠습니다.	How do you do [on being introduced].
그럼，내일 뵐게요.	See you tomorrow, then.
야단(을) 맞-	be/get scolded [for “from” use 한테]
야단(을) 치-	scold, give a scolding to [use 한테 or 을 ~ 를 ]
어울리 -	spend time with [= 하고], hang around with, associate with
외우-	memorize it
단어를 외우고 있어요.	I’m memorizing words.
찾아가-	call on; visit, go calling on
찾아뵈w-	call on sb. esteemed; visit, come calling on sb. esteemed
만나뵈w-	meet [with] sb. esteemed; see sb. esteemed
찾아오-	call on; visit, come calling on
Descriptive and/or Sensory Verbs
기-ㄹ-	be long
가난하-	be poor, indigent
따뜻하-	be warm
오늘은 따뜻하고 좋아요.	Today is nice and warm.
무더w-	be hot and muggy
복잡하-	be complicated; crowded
이 문제는 참 복잡해요.	This problem is really complicated.
어제는 지하철이 아주 복잡했어요.	Yesterday the subway was very crowded.
불쌍하-	be pitiful; “poor thing”
쌀쌀하-	be cool, chilly
유명하-	be famous
이르-	be early
조용하-	be quiet
조용히	quietly
조용히 하세요!	Please be quiet!
짧-	be short
편찮으시-	be ill, not well (honorific)
흐리-	be cloudy, overcast
날이 흐려요.	It is overcast.
Intransitive Verbs (Processive Verbs That Cannot Take Objects)
들르-	drop in, drop by
내일 1시쯤에 사무실에 좀 들러 볼래요? Would you mind stopping by the office tomorrow around 1 o’clock?
없어지-	disappear

Lesson Notes

18.1. Uses of the Infinitive V: with 야 Only if

To express obligation—have to, must, should, ought to—you use an infinitive for the main verb, and attach to it the particle 야 only if plus a form of 하 or 되- becomes; -어야 해요 or -어야 돼요 gives the meaning of have to to the main verb. Literally, the pattern means only if (someone) VERBs will it do or become, but in practice this is merely the normal Korean way of saying that someone is compelled or has to do something.

1.	오늘 저녁에 친구를 만나야 해요. I have to meet a friend this evening.
2.	이 구두를 바꿔야 하겠어요. I’ll have to exchange these shoes.
3.	교회 안에서는 조용히 해야 돼요. You have to be quiet inside the church.
4.	머리가 너무 길어서 이발을 해야겠습니다. My hair is so long I’ll have to get a haircut.
Occasionally -어야 is followed by some verb other than the auxiliary 해요.
5.	1,000원이 있어야 들어가요. You have to have 1000 wǒn to get in. (lit.: Only if you have 1000 wǒn do you go in).
6.	선생님께 여쭤 봐야 알아요. We will only find out by asking the teacher. or We won’t find out unless we ask the teacher.

Be careful about trying to use negatives for this type of expression. The genuine opposite of these, in English, is doesn’t have to; needs not. But the Korean opposites are made by an altogether different construction, discussed in Section 18.2.4.

Must not—which appears on the surface to be the negative of has to—is actually a denial of permission; it is the opposite of may, which gives permission. The denial of permission, again, is an entirely different Korean construction that will be taken up later.

Here are some more examples of -어야.

7.	오늘 밤까지는 이 과를 마쳐야 해요. I must finish this lesson by tonight.
8.	나는 오후 5시까지는 약국에 들러야 해요. I have to drop by the pharmacy by 5 pm.
9.	내일 선배 한 분을 찾아 가야 해요. I have to look up one of my seniors tomorrow.
10.	보증금을 따로 내야 합니다. You have to pay a deposit separately.
11.	고기는 그 가게에 아침 일찍 가야 사요. You’ll get meat only by going to that shop early in the morning.

In some forms it is common for the auxiliary verb 하- to be abbreviated. In colloquial Korean, this happens most often in these two patterns.

해야 하 지요	→	선생님도 오셔야지요!
. . . should do it, you know.		You should come, too!
해야 하 겠어요	→	빨리 가야겠어요.
. . . will have to do it.		I really must hurry along.

12.	A.	이 문제를 꼭 풀어야 돼요? Do we have to solve this problem?
	B.	그럼요，풀어야지요! Of course you have to solve it!
13.	자동차를 빌려야겠어요. We’ll have to rent a car.
Finally, note that you can use the particle 야 on a past infinitive, in a construction meaning should have done, i.e., only if one had done.
14.	어젯밤에 숙제를 했어야 됐지만，못 했어요. I should have done my homework last night, but I couldn’t.

18.2. Uses of the Infinitive VI: with 도 Even though

18.2.1. -어도 : Even though . . .

An infinitive with the particle 도 has the basic meaning even though [so-and-so happens].

15.	수진 씨는 돈이 많지 않아도，늘 쇼핑을 해요. Even though Sujin hasn’t much money, she’s always shopping.
16.	상점이 멀어도 자주 가요. Even though the stores are far away, I go there often.
On a past base:
17.	돈이 조금밖에 없었어도 늘 즐겁게 살았어요. Even though he hadn’t much money, he always lived happily.

Again, with this construction, it is not necessary to use a past-tense infinitive before the 도, even when the meaning is past, unless ambiguity would otherwise result; the past-tense verb at the end does all the work.

Notice the basic similarity between this construction and the -지만 but, although construction you have learned. Both constructions mean though [so-and-so happens] . . . but -어도 is stronger. It means even though . . . or in spite of the fact that . . . ; if we want to switch its force to the next part of the sentence, we can give it some such translation as . . . but even so.

I haven’t much money, but even so I’m always buying things.

The stores are a long way off, but in spite of this I go there a lot.

He had no money at all, but nonetheless he was always happy.

Constructions with -지만 (although . . . or . . . but) are not this strong, but the fundamental meaning is similar.

18.2.2. Special Copular Form -(이)라도

Just as the copula can take the special shape -이라 before 서 (Lesson Sixteen), it can assume this shape before 도: -이라도 alongside -이어도 even though it be.

18.	하루에 반 시간씩이라도 단어를 외워야 돼요. You should memorize vocabulary for at least (lit.: even though it be) half an hour a day.
The special copular form -이라도 even though it be (as in the sentence above) means about the same thing as the particle 도 even by itself; sometimes at least is a good translation. Here are two more examples.
19.	다른 것이 없으니까，이것이라도 좋아요. This one will be all right, since you haven’t got any others.
20.	저는 못 가겠으니까，유진 씨라도 갔다 오십시오. As I won’t be able to go, at least you go (without me),Yujin.
Here are some more examples of -어도.
21.	할아버지는 돈이 많으셔도 나한테는 안 주세요. Even though granddad has lots of money, he doesn’t give me any.
22.	나는 나이는 많아도 마음은 젊어요. Even though I am old in age, I am young at heart.
23.	나는 매일 공항에서 일을 해도 비행기를 한 번도 타 보지 못했어요. Even though I work at the airport everyday, I haven’t even once flown on an airplane.
24.	어젯밤에 비가 그렇게 왔어도 파티에는 300명이나 왔어요. Even though it was raining last night, some [“as many as”] 300 people came to the party.
25.	나는 아무리 아파도 병원에 한번도 가 보지 않았어요. No matter how sick I might be, I’ve never gone to the hospital.

18.2.3. Asking and Giving Permission with -어도

To ask for permission in Korean you use a construction with the literal meaning even though I [do it], is it all right? or even if I [do it], does it matter or make any difference? This corresponds to English may or can I [do it] or, much more closely, is it all right if I [do it]? You may use any of three verbs for the final one in the sentences, as the examples show. The three verbs are 돼요, 좋아요 and 괜찮아요.

26.	오늘 새 옷을 입어도 좋아요? Is it all right for me to [= May I] wear my new clothes today?
27.	새 신을 신어도 괜찮아요? May I wear my new shoes? [Even though I wear . . . does it make a difference?]
28.	오늘 밤에 집에 늦게 들어와도 돼요? Is it all right for me to [ = Do you mind if I] come home late tonight?

18.2.4. Doesn’t have to . . . with -지 않아도

To say I have to . . . in Korean, you use the construction -어야 해요 (Section 18.1.). The negative of this — I don’t have to . . . — is a permission construction, meaning literally even though I don’t [do it], it’s all right or it doesn’t matter if I don’t [do it]. You may use either the long or short negative for this pattern, either 안 가도 or 가지 않아도. For the it doesn’t matter, it’s all right, etc., you can use 괜찮아요，돼요 or 좋아요. Here are some examples.

29.	일찍 돌아오시지 않아도 괜찮아요. You don’t have to come back early. [= Even though you don’t come back early, it doesn’t matter.]
30.	운전면허증을 안 보여 주셔도 좋아요. You don’t have to show me your driver’s license.
31.	차를 빌리지 않아도 괜찮아요. You don’t need to rent a car.
32.	오늘 모임에 가도 좋고 안 가도 좋아요. It doesn’t matter whether I go to the meeting today or not. [= If I go to the meeting today it’s all right, and if I don’t go it’s all right.]
33.	그 서류는 지금 쓰지 않아도 되지만，이 편지는 당장 써야겠어요. I don’t have to write that document now, but this letter I’ll have to write immediately.

18.3. Some Idiomatic -어도 Expressions

There are a few descriptive verb infinitives with the particle 도 that have a special maximum- minimum meaning (alongside their usual meaning, in other contexts, of even though it’s . . .) like these.

늦어도	at the latest [even though it’s late]
적어도	at least [even though it’s few or small]

Here are some examples of these in sentences.

34.	여기서부터 학교까지 적어도 1 시간은 걸리겠어요. From here to the school it must take at least one hour.
35.	오빠 자동차는 빨라도 1 시간에 80킬로 밖에 못 가요. At the fastest, my older brother’s car won’t do over eighty kilometers an hour.
36.	A.	지금 몇 시예요? What time is it now?
	B.	왜요? Why?
	A.	늦어도 10시까지는 집에 들어가야 하거든요. We have to return home by 10 o’clock at the latest.

18.4. Infinitive -어 + 져요(지-): Get/Become

The auxiliary verb 져요 (an abbreviation of 지어요 from the base 지-) means begins to be . . . or gets (to be). It follows the infinitives of descriptive verbs (adjectives) to form processive verb compounds, like these.

추워요	is cold	→	추워져요	gets cold, cools off
더워요	is hot	→	더워져요	gets hot, warms up
좋아요	is good	→	좋아져요	gets better
나빠요	is bad	→	나빠져요	gets worse
흐려요	is cloudy	→	흐려져요	gets cloudy, clouds up
피곤해요	is tired	→	피곤해져요	gets tired

(Notice that natural English often uses a phrase to translate such compounds: warms up, cools off, etc.).

주의!

Note that Korean spelling requires that the auxiliary verb 지 - be written flush with the preceding infinitive form, without any intervening space: 추워져요 and not 추워 져요 for gets cold, cools off.

Verb phrases with the auxiliary descriptive verb 싶어요 wants to, would like to can also enter into such compounds.

(하)고 싶어요	wants to [do]
(하)고 싶어져요	gets so that one wants to [do]
As is usual for compound expressions, the infinitive remains changeless. It is the auxiliary 지 - that adjusts to fit the sentence by adding an appropriate ending:
더워요	is hot
더워져요	gets hot
더워졌어요	got hot
더워질 거예요	will get hot
더워지지만	gets hot, but . . .
더워질까요?	Do you suppose it will get hot?

The auxiliary 지- is usually inseparable from the infinitive; it is tacked right on to the -어 in pronunciation.

37.	요즘 낮에는 더워지고 밤에는 추워져요. Lately, it gets warm in the daytime and gets cool at night.
38.	날이 갑자기 흐려졌어요. It got cloudy suddenly.
39.	여름 방학 동안에 머리가 길어졌어요. My hair got long over the summer vacation.
40.	재즈음악이 좋아졌어요. I’ve come to like jazz music.
41.	과일값이 비싸졌어요. The price of fruit has gotten expensive.
42.	내 우산이 없어졌어요. My umbrella has disappeared.
Finally, note that whereas it is impossible to use adjectives like 더워요 directly in the construction with -기 시작해요, you can first put it in the -어져요 construction and then use it like any other processive expression.
43.	더워지기 시작했어요. It started getting hot.
44.	숙제가 점점 어려워지기 시작해요. The homework is gradually beginning to get (more) difficult.

18.5. Can/Cannot Do: -(으)ᄅ 수 있-/없-

You have already seen a few patterns that incorporate the prospective modifier -(으)ᄅ:-(으)ᄅ 까요? -(으)ᄅ 거예요 and -(으)ᄅ게요. The noun 수 means case, circumstance; way, means and 수(가) 있어요 means literally a means exists. Following the prospective modifier this pattern conveys possibility and/or ability.

Expressions meaning can and can’t are made in Korean by attaching -(으)ᄅ 수 (pronounced -(으) ᄅ 쑤) plus 있어요 or 없어요 to any plain base. The way in which this is done is exactly the same as you learned for attaching the probable future form in section 13.3 and the wanna form in -(으)ᄅ래요 in section 12.7. That is because the first ᄅ of all those endings is the same—the prospective modifier that we look at in its own right later on. So, for example, L-extending bases attach the ending to the unextended base.

살 수 없어요	can’t live (base 사-ᄅ-)
애기가 걸을 수 있어요?	can the baby walk?
쓸 수 없어요	can’t use
볼 수 있어요?	can [we] see?
따뜻할 수도 있어요	(you never know, it) can also be warm
구울 수 없어요	can’t broil (base 구w-)

Expressions with 수(가) 없어요 correspond to one of the meanings of negative forms with 못: 갈 수 없어요 = 못 가요 or 가지 못해요 can’t go. Here are some more examples of this construction.

45.	사장님을 잠깐 뵐 수 있을까요? Do you suppose I could see the company president for a moment?
46.	오늘 밤에 우리 집에 오실 수 있어요? Can you come to our house this evening?
47.	시간이 없어서，준비를 다 끝낼 수 없었어요. I couldn’t finish the preparations—I didn’t have time.
48.	오늘은 비가 와서，이발하러 갈 수 없었어요. It was raining today, so I couldn’t go for a haircut.
49.	오늘은 거리가 조용하지만，그 길은 복잡할 수도 있어요. Today the street’s quiet, but this road gets [can be] crowded, too.

18.6. Expressing and with -(으)며

This two-shape ending can attach to any type of base and means simply and (sometimes also while, i.e., and [simultaneously/at the same time]). Thus, -(으)며 has the same function as one of the usages of the one-shape ending -고. But there are two differences to keep in mind:

A.	-(으)며 is a literary, bookish form, rarely used in spoken language, whereas -고 is widely used in colloquial Korean.
B.	-(으)며 does not have the having done . . . ; does, and then . . . meaning of -고. Its one and only meaning is and.

Note that L-extending bases keep their ᄅ before -며: 사-ᄅ - → 살며 live, and . . . Here are some examples.