Читать книгу Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling and Simulations - Sheila Annie Peters - Страница 18

Intravenous (IV) administration ensures rapid, complete drug availability for drugs that are not in the form of suspensions or oils, by bypassing absorption barriers. Drugs having poor oral bioavailability or causing unacceptable pain when administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously may be administered by this route. However, it is potentially hazardous, as the initial high drug concentration may elicit toxic effects. Therefore, the use of IV route is restricted to situations demanding a rapid onset of action as in anesthesia, emergency medicine etc. or, when the patient is persistently vomiting, is unconscious or is too young to safely swallow solid forms of medication. Controlled drug administration through IV infusions offers one way to mitigate the risk of toxicity, as the infusion may be halted in the unexpected event of adverse effects during administration. Apart from causing severe pain, intra‐arterial administration is associated with the risk of dangerous pressure buildup in the muscles leading to decreased blood flow and consequently to nerve and muscle damage. Intra‐arterial injections are therefore reserved to situations in which localizations to specific tissues are desired.