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Sketches in a design project, to be effective, must possess a number of characteristics identified by Buxton (2007):

 – quick to achieve, so as not to interfere with the creative process;

 – done at the right time, sketches are useful when a designer needs to externalize a mental representation, for a reflective conversation, or to communicate their ideas, preferably in the upstream phases of design;

 – inexpensive, because it is a matter of allowing for mistakes, corrections, changes of ideas, adjustments;

 – disposable, the investment in a sketch is the concept and not the sketch itself (normally, several sketches are made quickly and all of them are kept, which implies that one should never find a sketch by itself);

 – understandable, because the communicability of the idea depends on it;

 – characterized by the freedom of the gesture, neither tightened nor too precise;

 – minimalist, only what is important to the concept, because technical details are distractors that tend to interfere with the ideation work (Rodgers et al. 2000);

 – with the appropriate degree of development; the sketch’s degree of development should match the idea’s degree of development so that designers are not fixated on details of the idea rather than its central features;

 – suggesting rather than telling, because the sketch is not the technical specification document that appears much later in CAD; suggesting leaves the user of the sketch a share of deductions to make, which may be conducive to finding solutions;

 – intentionally ambiguous, as one should not, in seeking to represent a specific concept on an object, fix all of the other characteristics of that object. It is better to remain ambiguous about those features of the object that are not central to this sketch (Tseng and Ball 2011).